EDUCATION   IN   WAR 
AND   PEACE 


STEWART    PAT,ON,    M.    D. 


Ex  Libris 

• 

C.  K.  OGDEN    ; 

THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arciiive 

in  2007  witii  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


littp://www.arGliive.org/details/educationinwarpeOOpatoiala 


EDUCATION    IN    WAR 
AND    PEACE 


EDUCATION   IN  WAR 
AND  PEACE 


Br 

STEWART  PATON,  M.D. 

LECTURER   IN  NEUROBIOLOGY,   PRINCETON   UNIVERSITY, 

LECTURER  IN  PSYCHIATRY,  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY; 

PRESIDENT  EUGENICS  RESEARCH  ASSOCIATION 


NEW  YORK 

PAUL  B.  HOEBER 

1920 


COPTHIGHT,  1920, 

Bt  PAUL  B.  HOEBER 


Publithed  January,  19tO 


Printed  in  the  United  States  of  America 


Rc 


3'/-3 


PA7. 


TO 
WILLIAM  DAVID  BOOKER,  M.D. 

CUNICAL  PROFESSOR  EMERITUS  OF  PEDIATRICS 

JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY 

BALTIMORE 


1C19413 


PREFACE 

During  the  War  the  public  developed 
an  interest  in  cases  of  so-called  "shell- 
shock."  Patients  with  these  symptoms 
were  nervously  unfit  for  active  military 
service. 

Peace  no  less  than  War  produces 
"shell-shock."  The  symptoms  interfere 
with  individual  efficiency,  happiness  and 
social  progress.  Many  of  those  who  are 
emotionally  unfit  for  active  service  in  life 
are  found  in  the  almshouses,  reforma- 
tories, juvenile  and  criminal  courts,  hos- 
pitals for  the  insane,  sanatoriums  for  the 
treatment  of  nervous  cases,  and  the  vari- 
ous institutions  for  the  care  of  "social  mis- 
fits," or  are  making  an  effort  to  compen- 
sate for  personal  inadequacy  in  facing  the 
[vii] 


PREFACE 

real  problems  of  life  by  what  amounts  to 
whistling  to  keep  up  their  courage;  an- 
nouncing their  faith  in  the  efficacy  of  pat- 
ent medicines,  Christian  Science,  thought 
transference,  radical  socialism  or  other 
forms  of  diversion  suggested  by  wishful- 
thinking. 

In  the  following  pages  attention  is 
called  to  the  urgent  necessity  of  making 
adequate  provision  in  our  universities  for 
training  investigators  competent  to  un- 
dertake the  solution  of  the  vitally  impor- 
tant educational  problems  now  confront- 
ing civihzation. 

I  desire  to  thank  the  officers  of  the 
Harvey  Society,  New  England  Head- 
masters' Association,  and  the  Editor  of 
Science  for  permission  to  reprint  these 
papers. 

Stewaet  Paton. 

Oct.  1, 1919 

[viHJ 


CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

I.  Human  Behavior  in  War  and  Peace  .      1 

II.  War  and  Education 63 

ni.  The  Psychiatric  Clinic  and  the  Com- 
munity   94 


[ix] 


EDUCATION- IN  WAR  AND 
PEACE 

CHAPTER  I 

HUMAN  BEHAYIOB  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE  * 


IN  August,  1914,  we  were  suddenly 
and  tragically  reminded  of  our  igno- 
rance of  what  constitutes  the  foundations 
of  temperament  and  character.  A  dem- 
onstration on  a  scale  of  exceptional  mag- 
nitude alarmed  us  by  showing  that  it  was 

•  Harvey  Lecture,  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 
April   12tb,   1919. 

[1] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

possible  for  civilized  man  to  revert  within 
a  few  hours  to  primitive  man.  Evidences 
of  the  advance  of  a  people  to  the  period 
of  national  development  were  then  re- 
placed by  signs  indicating  the  return  to 
tribalism.  The  change  at  first  startled 
and  then  depressed  us ;  and  the  depression 
deepened  as  the  consciousness  of  our  igno- 
rance of  human  nature  and  consequent 
inability  to  forecast  behavior  was  im- 
pressed upon  us.  Indeed  there  have  been 
times  during  the  past  four  years  when 
those  who  did  not  have  some  rational 
philosophy  to  sustain  them  were  almost 
ready  to  blame  Prometheus  "for  fashion- 
ing such  animals  as  men." 

One  striking  evidence  that  already  we 
are   becoming  indifferent  to   the   study 
of  the  emotional  and  mental  forces  that 
[2] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

resulted  in  Germany's  aggressions,  is  re- 
flected in  our  failure  to  realize,  with  the 
historian  Lecky,  that  a  "study  of  predis- 
positions is  much  more  important  than  the 
study  of  arguments."  At  the  present 
time  when  the  world  has  been  turned 
topsy-turvy  and  disorganizing  influences 
are  operating  in  society,  it  is  very  desirous 
that  we  should  make  every  effort  to  find 
out  the  causes  that  predispose  men  to  be 
peaceful  or  warlike,  to  be  impulsive  or 
dehberate,  to  be  quick  to  resent  a  sup- 
posed injury  or  to  be  cautious  in  forming 
an  opinion  and  slow  to  anger;  and,  finally, 
what  peculiar  combination  of  circum- 
stances has  resulted  in  the  over-valuation 
of  ideas  expressed  in  such  beliefs  as  are 
entertained  by  persons  who  are  obsessed 
with  the  notion  of  having  found  the  only 
[8] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

road  to  ethical,  cultural  or  political  salva- 
tion. If  we  are  intelligent  in  making 
preparations  for  peace,  then  we  should 
be  fully  alive  to  the  danger  threatening 
civilization  whenever  and  wherever  ego- 
tism, belief  in  the  infallibility  of  any  sys- 
tem, and  efficiency  of  organization  are 
combined.  We  should  not  judge  Prus- 
sianism,  Bolshevism  or  Pacifism  by  the 
arguments  presented,  but  should  go 
deeper  to  study  the  predispositions  of 
those  professing  these  doctrines,  which  will 
be  found  to  be  the  product  of  minds  hav- 
ing many  traits  in  common.  Predisposi- 
tions and  not  the  arguments  of  those  who 
plead,  either  the  cause  of  Democracy  or 
Autocracy,  are  the  potent  influences  in 
the  development  of  our  civilization. 
Already  there  are  signs  that  there  is  a 
[4] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

return  of  the  old  spirit  of  indifference  to 
finding  solutions  for  the  problems  of  hu- 
man behavior  and  to  the  state  of  unpre- 
paredness  for  either  peace  or  war;  and  if 
it  renders  us  insensitive  to  our  present 
responsibility  and  opportunity,  we  shall 
drift  along  as  we  did  before  the  war,  until 
some  catastrophe  brings  us  once  again  to 
our  senses. 

n 

The  greatest  foe  of  civilization  to-day 
is  nervousness.  We  do  not  now  refer  to 
the  great  niunber  of  well  recognized  types 
of  nervous  and  mental  diseases,  but  to  the 
nervousness  of  many  persons  of  unstable 
emotional  equilibrium  possessing  unusual 
intellectual  capacity.  No  adequate  pro- 
vision is  being  made  to  study  these  super- 
[5] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

idealists,  fanatics,  and  visionaries.  The 
menace  of  these  wishful  thinkers  is  far 
greater  than  that  caused  by  tuberculosis 
or  any  of  the  contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
eases; and  yet  our  medical  schools,  the 
Army  Medical  Corps  and  the  Red  Cross 
do  not  seem  to  appreciate  the  urgent  need 
of  attempting  to  increase  the  supply  of 
psychiatrists  able  to  cope  successfully 
with  the  dangerous  malady  rapidly 
spreading  by  suggestion,  and  even  now 
threatening  the  foundations  of  society. 

The  civilized  worid  is  asking  for  peace, 
and  the  adoption  of  every  reasonable  pre- 
caution that  will  diminish  the  possibility 
of  another  war.  At  the  Peace  Confer- 
ence many  "arguments"  have  been  pre- 
sented but  we  have  heard  very  little  of  any 
inquiry  into  those  "predispositions"  which 

[6] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

incline  people  either  to  make  peace  or 
drive  them  into  war.  Under  the  influence 
of  wish-directed  thoughts,  and  without  any- 
deep  and  comprehensive  knowledge  of  the 
forces  shaping  character,  we  have  begun 
to  build  up  a  social  structure  on  the  shift- 
ing sands  of  conjectural  opinion  as  to 
what  we  imagine  man  to  be.  Only  when 
we  are  surrounded  by  instances  of  man's 
inability  to  control  his  passions  do  we  un- 
derstand that  "Le  genie  n'est  probable- 
ment  pas  le  resultat  de  la  connaissance  de 
la  matiere,  mais  de  la  connaissance  de 
I'homme." 

Nevertheless,  in  spite  of  the  storm 
clouds  there  is  more  reason  to  be  optimis- 
tic in  regard  to  the  future  of  civilization 
than  there  was  four  years  ago.  Society 
has  not  only  survived  a  capital  operation 
[7] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

but  it  has  been  driven  literally  at  the  point 
of  the  bayonet  to  take  a  more  rational  in- 
terest in  human  behavior.  Of  course  there 
are  dark  spots  on  the  horizon,  but  to-day, 
in  contrast  to  the  condition  four  years  ago, 
the  problem  we  have  to  solve  is  taking 
definite  shape.  Although  organized  fury 
no  longer  menaces  civilization,  through- 
out the  world  morbid  instability,  quarrel- 
someness, extravagances  of  all  kinds,  and 
the  neurotic  tendency  of  blaming  every- 
body except  ourselves  for  our  misfortunes 
make  difficult  sometimes  the  realization 
that  man  is  a  rational  being.  We  are  like 
children  crying  aloud  for  peace,  promis- 
ing ourselves  only  good  things,  dreaming 
of  Utopias,  formulating  schemes  for  the 
reorganization  of  society,  planning  new 
republics,  and  advertising  our  faith  in  the 

[8] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

efficacy  of  "isms"  to  take  the  place  of  that 
accurate  knowledge  we  should  be  inter- 
ested in  securing  about  the  genesis  and 
nature  of  the  impulses,  motives,  senti- 
ments and  trains  of  thought  which  either 
drive  people  into  war  or  inspire  them  to 
make  and  preserve  peace.  We  draw  up 
schemes  for  redeeming  society  much  faster 
than  we  take  steps  to  add  to  our  knowl- 
edge of  man.  So  many  successive  plans 
having  as  their  object  the  redemption  of 
Society  are  proposed  that  one  is  tempted 
to  ask,  "Which  way  go  the  physiogno- 
mists, metoscopists  and  chiromantists  to 
work?" 

in 

The  members  of  the  medical  profession 
have  a  magnificent  opportunity  to  assist  in 

[9] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

developing  the  mental  preparedness  essen- 
tial either  for  maintaining  peace  or  for 
prompt  prosecution  of  war,  if  this  is  again 
necessary  to  overthrow  unjust  aggressors. 
The  physician  should  be  well  qualified  to 
undertake  the  study  of  human  charac- 
ter. Unlike  the  psychologist,  the  physi- 
cian does  not  have  to  be  reminded  of  the 
very  close  interaction  of  mind  and  body. 
Even  before  the  days  of  Aristotle  he  had 
approached  the  study  of  the  mind  from 
the  side  of  the  body.  Long  ago  he  recog- 
nized the  necessity  of  imderstanding  some- 
thing about  the  structure  and  the  relation 
of  the  various  organs  as  preliminary  to 
the  study  of  the  machine  in  action.  The 
medical  man  while  only  vaguely  appreciat- 
ing the  value  of  functions  like  f eehng  and 
[10] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

thinking  as  processes  assisting  in  the  ad- 
justment of  life,  recognized  that  although 
there  was  a  close  connection  between 
mental  phenomena  and  those  related  to 
the  circulation,  respiration  and  secretion 
of  the  internal  glands,  analysis  was  so 
difficult  that  little  attention  was  given  to 
exploring  emotional  and  mental  adjust- 
ments. Even  if  he  has  not  been  able  to 
explain  the  connection,  intimate  as  it 
is  between  body  and  mind,  his  line  of  ap- 
proach to  the  ancient  problem  has  at  least 
made  it  easier  for  him  than  for  other  in- 
vestigators since  he  should  see  the  body- 
mind  problem  in  its  proper  biologic  set- 
ting. The  physician  should  be  ready  by 
reason  of  his  medical  training  to  grasp  the 
significance  of  the  recent  rediscovery  of  a 
very  old  truth,  namely,  the  doctrine  of 

[11] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

biologic  unity.  This  doctrine  when  stated 
in  practical  terms  stresses  the  impossibil- 
ity of  dissociating  mind  and  body  and  em- 
phasizes the  importance  of  considering  as 
a  whole  what  for  so  many  centuries  by 
some  observers  have  been  considered  as 
two  entirely  separately  systems  working 
independently  of  each  other. 

The  body-mind  problem  as  it  was  once 
formulated  appealed  only  to  the  specula- 
tive philosopher,  but  as  recast  in  the 
world's  laboratory  of  life  it  has  acquired 
an  immediate  and  tragic  interest  for  every 
thinking  person.  "Life"  and  "living" 
have  forced  these  questions  into  the  center 
of  the  field  of  interest.  Doubtless  we 
shall  soon  visualize  correctly  the  present 
opportunity,  see  the  problems  in  their 
right  perspective  and  make  provision  for 
[12] 


Diagrammatic  Repeesentatton  of  Factobs  Concebxed 
IN  Adjustments  of  Human  Machine 


Organs  governing  intake  (I),  assimilation  (A),  stor- 
ing (S),  and  elimination  (E),  of  energy,  and  processes 
of  reproduction  and  growth  (R  &  G),  controlling  mech- 
6Uiism,  brain  and  nervous  system,  B,  N.  S.), 

Motor  apparatus,  (M). 

Environmental  contacts,  sense  organs,  (S). 

In  health  the  human  organism  is  capable  of  shifting 
gears  from  reflex  to  automatic,  emotional  or  intellectual 
levels  to  effect  the  adjustment  of  internal  conditions  to 
external  conditions  essential  for  efficiency  and  the  main- 
tenance of  a  well-balanced  personality. 

[13] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

teaching  mental  hygiene  in  connection 
with  departments  of  hygiene.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact  many  physicians  do  not  yet 
recognize  the  importance  of  considering 
these  two  departments,  Physical  and 
Mental  Hygiene,  as  inseparable  and  as 
representing  two  phases  of  one  great  prob- 
lem. 

Will  it  be  necessary  for  an  intelligent 
lay  public  to  lead  the  medical  profession 
to  appreciate  its  present  opportunity  and 
responsibility  in  this  particular  field? 

The  war  has  served  to  remind  medical 
men  of  the  fact  that  there  was  one  side 
of  the  great  human  problem  to  which  they 
have  unfortunately  given  comparatively 
little  attention.  They  have  been  occupied 
in  getting  the  human  machine  in  order  to 
run,  but  have  given  little  or  no  attention 
[14] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

to  the  amount  of  strain  it  would  stand,  the 
distance  it  would  go  without  repairs,  and 
took  little  notice  of  the  kind  of  work  it  is 
best  fitted  to  perform.  Every  day  the 
physician  has  been  accustomed  to  ask  his 
patients  "how  they  felt,"  "whether  they 
were  worrying  about  anything,"  or 
"whether  it  was  not  possible  for  them  to 
take  a  more  rational  view  of  living,"  but 
little  time  and  attention  have  been  de- 
voted to  investigating  emotional  disorders, 
the  causes  of  worry,  and  the  reasons  for  the 
psycho-neurotic's  general  feeling  of  dissat- 
isfaction with  hfe,  all  of  which  have  such 
an  important  bearing  upon  the  present 
complex  of  symptoms  of  social  unrest.  To 
some  persons  the  analysis  of  "sensations," 
"sentiments,"  "instincts,"  "feelings"  and 
"ideas,"  seems  to  be  outside  the  ordinary 
[15] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

field  of  exploration  reserved  for  the  physi- 
cian. But  on  the  contrary,  the  rapid 
growth  of  functional  nervous  and  mental 
diseases,  more  general  belief  in  the  effi- 
ciency of  "isms,"  and  the  spread  of  the 
Christian  Science — Pacifistic — and  Bol- 
shevist— psychoses  are  decidedly  within 
the  field  of  the  medical  investigator. 

IV 

At  every  turn  there  are  signs  that 
many  people  have  strayed  into  a  special 
field  of  investigation  representing  the 
study  of  mind,  in  which  they  should  be 
guided  by  medical  men  trained  in  the 
art  of  studying  the  human  personality. 
A  visit  to  almost  any  book  shop  in 
order  to  count  the  number  of  books  in 
which  such  subjects  as  "Thought  Trans- 
[16] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

ference,"  "Speaking  with  the  Dead," 
"Theosophy,"  ^'Christian  Science,"  "The 
Search  for  the  Philosopher's  Stone,"  and 
various  other  forms  of  mysticism  are  dis- 
cussed, is  suflScient  to  indicate  the  vaga- 
ries of  wish-directed  thinking  which  rep- 
resent unsuccessful  attempts  to  satisfy 
deep-seated  needs.  It  is  very  unfortunate 
that  the  members  of  the  medical  profes- 
sion have  not  been  more  active  in  direct- 
ing these  currents  of  thought  into  proper 
channels.  They  have  waited  until  the 
public  has  begun  to  be  impatient  at  its 
failure  to  secure  reliable  information  in 
regard  to  the  problems  of  human  be- 
havior. Already  many  intelligent  peo- 
ple are  showing  signs  of  uneasiness  be- 
cause they  cannot  receive  intelligent  as- 
sistance from  members  of  the  medical 
[17] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

profession  in  securing  satisfactory  ad- 
justments in  their  emotional  and  intel- 
lectual life. 

The  assumption  is  often  made  by  a 
group  of  investigators  who,  it  may  be 
said,  have  never  had  time  or  opportunity 
to  study  the  problems  of  human  behavior, 
that  a  great  deal  is  known  about  this  sub- 
ject. This  belief  is  current  among  scien- 
tific men  engaged  in  studying  the  be- 
havior of  the  lower  organisms,  as  well  as 
among  persons  who  have  approached  this 
special  field  from  the  academic  point  of 
view.  A  few  hours  in  a  psychiatric  clinic 
where  one  is  compelled  to  explore  the  per- 
sonality of  patients  should  be  sufficient  to 
convince  any  rational  person  that  we  have 
only  just  begun  the  study  of  human  ac- 
tivities. Possibly  it  is  advisable  to  re- 
[18] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

mind  those  critics  who  affirm  that  very  lit- 
tle more  information  is  to  be  obtained  in 
regard  to  the  behavior  of  the  human  ani- 
mal that  a  distinguished  surgeon  in  the 
sixteenth  century  declared  little  re- 
mained to  be  done  in  advancing  surgical 
knowledge  I 

Before  the  outbreak  of  the  war  there 
were  evidences  of  increasing  popular  in- 
terest being  taken  in  the  causes  and  meth- 
ods of  preventing  nervous  and  mental  dis- 
eases. The  war  directed  the  attention  of 
the  intelligent  public  to  special  phases  of 
the  problem;  to  the  war  psychoses  or  to 
the  search  for  some  rational  explanation 
for  the  Prussian  psychosis,  Bolshevist 
mania,  and  the  emotional  instability  which 
results  in  criminal  acts  and  general  unrest. 
It  is  indeed  unfortunate  that  the  physician 
[19] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

has  waited  until  he  is  compelled  by  force 
of  circumstances  to  take  cognizance  of  his 
present  opportunity  for  directing  so  much 
of  the  energy  now  dissipated  to  strengthen 
the  constructive  forces  in  civilization.  It 
is  not  creditable  to  the  medical  profession 
that  largely  as  the  result  of  its  indifference 
to  a  very  important  subject  it  has  now  be- 
come much  easier  to  secure  large  endow- 
ments for  Christian  Science  temples  than 
it  is  to  find  the  funds  for  institutions  for 
the  study  of  human  behavior. 

The  physician  has  interested  himself  in 
examining  different  parts  of  the  human 
machine,  and  has  imitated  the  example  of 
the  mechanician  who  remains  in  the  work- 
shop cleaning  out  cylinders  and  grinding 
valves  but  taking  little  interest  in  finding 
[20] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

out  how  the  motor  runs  while  climbing 
hills  or  crossing  rough  roads. 

If  the  average  physician  were  asked 
why  he  has  neglected  to  analyze  the  soul 
life  of  his  patients,  he  would  doubtless  re- 
ply that  he  had  been  so  preoccupied  in 
ministering  to  their  physical  needs  that 
practically  no  time  remained  for  the  study 
of  mental  processes.  This  reply  is  only 
partially  true.  In  the  minds  of  a  great 
many  doctors  there  exists  a  prejudice  as 
old  as  the  Lucretian  philosophy  that 
makes  it  extremely  difficult  for  them  to 
consider  the  study  of  psychological  phe- 
nomena as  a  legitimate  field  for  scientific 
exploration.  Physicians  have  been  among 
the  most  consistent  and  persistent  oppo- 
nents of  mysticism,  and  yet  curiously 
enough  they  have  tacitly  accepted  the 
[21] 


.  EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

naive  mysticism  with  which  the  radical 
materialist  covers  up  some  of  the  defects 
in  his  logic.  Science  is  pictured  as  hav- 
ing a  certain  set  of  symbols,  microscope, 
balance,  and  test  tube,  and  it  is  assumed 
that  mental  phenomena  which  can  be 
neither  seen,  weighed  nor  dissolved  should 
be  immediately  rejected  as  unworthy  of 
scientific  investigation.  As  a  rule  the 
average  medical  man  takes  cognizance 
only  of  those  facts  in  individual  experi- 
ence which  fit  into  his  rough  and  ready 
philosophy  of  life,  and  discards  those 
which  cannot  be  quickly  analyzed  and  ar- 
bitrarily adapted  to  suit  conventionalized 
lines  of  thought. 

There  is  another  factor  which  has  had 
a  very  decided  influence  in  preventing  the 
physician  from  developing  an  intelligent 
[22] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

interest  in  the  study  of  mental  processes. 
There  is  nothing  particularly  dramatic  in 
exploring  the  personality  of  the  average 
patient  and  only  the  occurrence  of  some 
tragic  event  seems  to  arouse  his  interest  in 
the  drama  of  life.  The  character  of  the 
methods  used  and  the  nature  of  the  in- 
struments employed  in  making  a  physical 
examination  are  always  suggestive  of  the 
possibility  of  the  introduction  of  some  un- 
expected element  to  stimulate  the  interest 
of  the  examiner.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
analyzing  emotional  reactions  or  intellec- 
tual adjustments  the  examiner  is  thrown 
back  upon  his  own  intellectual  resources 
and  there  is  little  opportunity  to  manipu- 
late apparatus  and  stimulate  the  flagging 
imagination  by  the  suggestion  of  reality 
associated  with  purely  objective  signs. 
[23] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

While  physicians  appreciate  that  the 
circulatory  and  respiratory  functions  rep- 
resent mechanisms  essential  for  the  suc- 
cessful adjustment  of  Hfe,  they  seldom 
stop  to  consider  that  feeling  and  thinking 
are  also  equally  important  in  securing  the 
adaptation  of  human  beings  to  the  envir- 
onment in  which  they  Uve. 


Having  reviewed  some  of  the  sins  of 
omission  of  the  medical  man  we  shall  prob- 
ably not  be  considered  prejudiced  if  ref- 
erence is  made  to  the  sins  of  commission 
of  psychologists.  If  the  physician  stopped 
short  of  the  goal  he  might  have  reached 
had  he  extended  his  field  of  exploration 
to  include  the  study  of  the  personality, 
the  psychologist  has  been  guilty  of  trying 
[24] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

to  build  a  house  without  paying  very  much 
attention  to  the  foundations.  The  latter 
in  practice  has  followed  the  lead  of  Des- 
cartes and  has  discussed  the  "res  cogitans" 
as  separate  and  distinct  from  the  "res  ex- 
tensa."  Emotions  and  mental  processes 
are  described  as  if  they  were  not  directly 
modified  by  physiological  processes.  The 
phenomena  of  intelligence  have  often  been 
referred  to  without  any  suggestion  of  the 
relation  of  these  very  complicated  adjust- 
ments to  mouth  breathing,  visual,  or  lung 
capacity,  or  to  the  supply  of  hemoglobin 
and  other  physiological  functions. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  more  psycholo- 
gists do  not  take  time  to  equip  themselves 
to  carry  on  work  in  fields  into  which  they 
have  been  drawn  by  their  enthusiasm.  Al- 
though excellent  work  has  been  done  by 
[25] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

the  psychologists  in  determining  the  men- 
tal fitness  of  individuals  for  their  task, 
there  is  no  doubt  that  many  of  the  results 
should  be  accepted  only  after  they  have 
been  carefully  criticized  by  members  of 
the  medical  profession  who  possess  a  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  the  different  parts  of 
the  human  machine  and  their  reciprocal 
activities. 

Once  the  decision  has  been  made  by  the 
physician  to  explore  a  personality,  he 
should  not  allow  himself  to  be  coerced  by 
any  fear  of  being  thought  unscientific 
into  submissively  abandoning  terms  whjf h 
are  of  value  in  recording  the  data  col- 
lected. The  mystics  of  a  certain  school  of 
materialists  object  to  the  use  of  the  word 
"consciousness,"  and  state  that  the  word 
[26] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

behavior  is  sufficiently  comprehensive  to 
describe  the  highest  as  well  as  the  lowest 
forms  of  adjustment.  There  has  been,  as 
Kempf  *  has  pointed  out,  "a  sleight  of 
hand  movement  in  psychology  to  drop  the 
term  consciousness."  If  I  slip  on  an 
orange  peel,  bump  my  head  on  the  side- 
walk, and  remain  imaware  of  what  has 
happened,  common  sense  will  confirm  the 
diagnosis  that  self -consciousness  and  not 
behavior  was  lost. 

A  reference  is  permissible  to  the  use  of 
the  word  behavior  in  this  paper  to  include 
conduct.  The  word  behavior  is  often  used 
to  describe  those  higher  forms  of  response 
conduct  in  which  some  guiding  motive  is 

*  Kempf,  E.  J.  The  Autonomic  Functions  and  the 
Personality,  Nerv.  and  Ment.  Dis.,  Monogr.,  Series  No. 
38,  1918,  p.  zi. 

[27] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

present.  The  retention  of  the  word  con- 
duct in  our  vocabulary  is  desirable.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  we  convey  a  better 
idea  of  the  functions  of  the  conductor  of 
an  orchestra  by  the  use  of  this  word  than 
we  should  do  if  he  were  described  as  the 
leading  behaviorist. 

It  seems  to  be  the  general  consensus  of 
opinion  that  during  the  period  of  the  war 
many  new  facts  of  fundamental  impor- 
tance for  the  study  of  human  behavior 
were  not  discovered.  We  have,  however, 
acquired  considerable  skill  in  spreading 
out  in  a  very  thin  layer  the  small  stock  of 
knowledge  we  possess.  The  neurologists 
who  have  had  active  service  in  the  army 
know  to  what  good  use  this  information 
has  been  put  in  improving  treatment  as 
well  as  in  preventing  the  occurrence  of 
[28] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

the  symptoms  of  mental  disorders.  Prog- 
ress has  also  been  made  in  securing  in- 
creased industrial  efficiency,  and  last  but 
not  least,  in  assisting  us  to  acquire  a  new 
and  broader  outlook  upon  life  in  general. 
After  reading  the  clinical  histories  of  per- 
sons suffering  from  nervous  or  mental  dis- 
eases, the  scientist  with  a  reflective  turn 
of  mind  is  ready  to  sympathize  with  the 
French  philosopher's  lament  that  there 
are  not  more  intelligent  doubters  in  the 
world.  "Sensations,"  "instincts,"  "con- 
flicts," and  "compensatory  mental  reac- 
tions" are  discussed  in  many  of  these  rec- 
ords with  a  degree  of  assurance  which  sug- 
gests a  great  deal  of  attention  has  been 
given  to  analyzing  these  phenomena;  an 
inference,  however,  which  is  not  justified. 
[29] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

TI 

One  example  may  be  cited  of  the  desir- 
ibility  of  extending  our  knowledge  beyond 
the  present  stage  in  which  vague  concep- 
tions and  approximate  definitions  form  the 
basis  from  which  most  of  our  investiga- 
tions start.  We  often  hear  it  said  that  in 
soldiers  under  fire  for  the  first  time,  the  old 
instinct  to  preserve  life  gets  the  better  of 
the  recently  acquired  central  reactions  as- 
sociated with  a  special  sense  of  duty  and 
an  understanding  of  the  desirability  of 
facing  the  enemy,  with  the  result  that  an 
unfortunate  conflict  is  precipitated.  At 
once  the  question  is  suggested  what  phe- 
nomena should  be  included  under  the  term 
instinct  and  what  is  the  nature  of  the  con- 
flict. 

[30] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

At  present  we  have  only  the  vaguest 
sort  of  notions  in  regard  to  the  synthesis 
of  reactions  described  collectively  as  an 
instinctive  response  and  we  are  also  very 
much  in  the  dark  as  to  just  what  mechan- 
isms are  involved  in  the  conflict.  In  a 
very  general  way  we  are  correct  in  saying 
that  the  instinct  activities  may  be  referred 
to  mechanisms  in  the  cord,  medulla,  and 
mid-brain.  Ontogenetically  as  well  as 
phylogenetically  these  nerve  tracts  are 
known  to  be  much  older  than  those  con- 
cerned in  voluntary  responses.  Here 
within  a  very  small  area  we  see  the  con- 
nections between  the  circulation,  respira- 
tion, internal  secretion,  movement  and  the 
general  sensibihty,  which  all  play  a  part  in 
the  instinctive  reactions.  The  majority 
of  physicians  adhere  conservatively  to 
[81] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

their  determination  to  study  only  the  ob- 
jective reactions  connected  with  the  ac- 
tivities of  the  lower  brain  centers.  A 
glance  at  any  diagram  illustrating  the  re- 
lation of  parts  in  the  mid-brain  and  me- 
dulla is  sufficient  to  refresh  our  minds  in 
regard  to  the  proximity  of  all  the  great 
nerve  tracts  radiating  from  these  centers 
to  higher  ones  and  suggests  the  need  of 
more  active  cooperation  in  research  be- 
tween psychiatrist  and  internist  who  have 
arbitrarily  separated  functions  which  na- 
ture has  united. 

Think  of  what  valuable  information 
could  be  obtained  by  intelligent  coopera- 
tion between  the  psychiatrist  and  internist 
intent  upon  studying  together  the  physi- 
cal and  mental  symptoms  associated  with 
the  vagaries  of  feeling,  thinking  and  act- 
[32] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

ing  occurring  in  every  patient  admitted  to 
the  wards  of  a  general  hospital.  This 
entente  would  be  of  assistance,  not  only  in 
laying  the  foundations  of  an  exact  knowl- 
edge of  the  psycho-neuroses,  but  as  an  aid 
in  understanding  human  nature.  A  pool- 
ing of  clinical  interests  is  needed  in  order 
to  conduct  a  successful  attack  upon  the 
problem  of  the  psycho-neuroses  which  are 
probably  a  greater  menace  to  civilization 
than  are  all  the  hostile  military  forces  in 
the  world. 

In  the  vertebrate  embryo  there  is  an 
excellent  opportunity  of  tracing  the  de- 
velopment of  the  different  nervous 
tracts  in  relation  to  the  rapid  elaboration 
taking  place  in  responses  as  higher  cen- 
ters modify  and  inhibit  more  primitive  im- 
pulses; an  important  relation  to  under- 
[33] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

stand  in  its  bearing  on  the  psycho-neu- 
roses. We  are  accustomed  to  talk  quite 
glibly  without  possessing  any  definite 
knowledge  of  the  subject  about  the  rebel- 
lion of  these  lower  centers  in  "shell- 
shock"  against  the  control  imposed  by 
the  autocracy  assumed  by  the  new  brain. 
Professor  H.  H.  Lane,  at  my  sugges- 
tion, studied  some  of  the  earliest  reactions 
in  the  embryos  of  guinea-pigs  with  a  view 
of  correlating  as  far  as  possible  the  pro- 
gressive changes  taking  place  in  the  nerv- 
ous system  during  growth  with  the  in- 
creasing complexity  of  reaction  and  the 
assumption  of  control  by  the  new  brain. 
He  demonstrated  that  "avoiding  reac- 
tions" took  place  in  response  to  olfactory 
stimulation  before  the  olfactory  lobe  was 
connected  by  differentiated  nerve  tracts 
[84] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

with  the  cerebral  cortex.  The  fact  that 
an  "avoiding  reaction"  does  occur  without 
the  intervention  of  the  cerebral  cortex  sug- 
gests the  interesting  question  as  to  what 
extent  in  fear  the  subsequent  responses 
take  place  without  the  participation  of  the 
higher  centers.  An  interesting  study 
could  be  made  to  determine  in  what  man- 
ner these  primitive  responses  are  modified 
as  the  cortex  gradually  assumes  control. 
A  number  of  years  ago  I  suggested  that 
light  would  be  thrown  upon  this  problem 
by  correlating  the  earliest  reactions  of  the 
human  embryo  and  the  progressive  struc- 
tural changes  taking  place  in  the  nervous 
system;  and  pointed  out  the  excellent  op- 
portunity there  is  in  the  obstetrical  wards 
of  a  hospital  for  extending  these  observa- 
tions to  the  human  subject.  Studies  of 
[85] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

this  character  are  needed  to  assist  in  deter- 
mining what  factors  are  introduced  as  the 
higher  begin  to  dominate  the  lower  cen- 
ters, and  when  this  is  known  then  the  way 
is  open  to  analyze  the  conditions  respon- 
sible for  "a  conflict." 

Hughlings  Jackson*  in  a  remarkable 
series  of  lectures,  called  attention  to  the 
control  exercised  by  the  "higher  nervous 
arrangement"  over  the  lower  forms  from 
which  they  had  been  evolved,  and  com- 
pared it  to  the  action  of  a  government  di- 
recting the  nation  from  which  the  govern- 
ment had  been  evolved.  When  any  dis- 
turbance in  the  coordination  of  function 
in  the  higher  and  lower  centers  take  place 
we  have  to  consider  not  only  the  effect  of 
"the  taking  off"  of  the  control,  but  also 

*Crooman  Lectures,  1884. 
[36] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

the  "letting  go"  of  the  lower  functions. 
The  sudden  removal  of  the  governing 
body  of  any  country  gives  reason  for  la- 
menting, "(1)  the  loss  of  service  of  emi- 
nent men,  and  (2)  the  anarchy  of  uncon- 
trolled people."  This  distinguished  rep- 
resentative of  the  medical  profession  rec- 
ognized the  value  of  that  fundamental 
knowledge  of  man  which  it  is  not  incon- 
ceivable that  some  day  we  shall  require 
our  statesmen  to  possess. 

When  we  come  to  consider  the  question 
of  how  instincts  are  inherited,  we  begin  to 
be  confronted  with  serious  difficulties. 
The  physician  is  too  much  inclined  to 
assume  that  biological  inheritances  are 
transmitted  in  the  same  way  that  psycho- 
logical inheritances  are  passed  on  from 
one  generation  to  another.  There  are  two 
[37] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

forms  of  heredity,  says  Professor  Ward; 
"the  one  with  which  the  biologist  deals  and 
this  which  he  leaves  to  the  psychologist — 
who  usually  leaves  it  alone." 

VII 

Reference  to  the  methods  used  in  the 
Air  Service  for  studying  the  personality 
of  the  aviator  *  indicates  the  possibility  of 
utilizing  even  our  very  limited  store  of 
knowledge  for  conserving  both  energy  and 
life.  These  examinations  are  conducted 
with  a  view  to  determining  the  emotional 
and  mental  fitness  of  an  aviator  to  fly. 
It  is  also  interesting  to  note  that  far  more 
attention  is  paid  to-day  in  analyzing  the 
predisposition  of  an  aviator  and  determin- 
ing his  fitness  for  his  task  than  in  select- 

*  Manual  of  Medical  Research  Laboratory,  U.  S.  War 
Department,  Air  Service,  1918,  pp.  200-212. 

[38] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

ing  a  President.  Is  it  unreasonable  to 
believe  that  some  day  we  shall  judge  our 
rulers  by  their  "predispositions,"  and  not 
by  their  arguments  ?  The  efforts  made  to 
safeguard  the  mental  hygiene  of  the  avia- 
tor unquestionably  prevented  many  acci- 
dents. 


MEDICAL  RESEARCH  LABORATORY 
Hazelhurst  Field,  Mineola,  L.  I.,  N.  Y. 

Examined date 

Name Rank Organization 

Residence 


Aviation: — 

Enlistment — date,  place,  sworn  in,  Assigned 
to  (branch  of  service) — Active  Service — 
Entrance  or  Transfer  to  Air  Service. — Avia- 
tion School  work — Repeats. — Aviation — active 
service — date  of  commission,  dates  and  places 
of  training. — Hours  of  flying. — Maximum  Al- 
titude. Duration. — Accidents. — Reasons  for 
selecting  aviation. 

[39] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

II.    Personal  History: — Age — S.    M.    W. 
Diseases    (children's  and  adult). 
Injuries,  operations. 
Education,  School  and  College. 
Athletic  training. 

Occupation  of  Civil  Life — Success. 
Tobacco — Alcohol — Sleep — Family. 

III.  Physical  Excumination: — 

Ht. Wt. Gain  or  Loss 

Pupils — Reaction  to  light  and  accommodation. 

Secondary  dilatation 
Knee  Jerks 

Psycho-motor  Tension. — 
Tic — ^Tremor. 

Extension  in  fingers  and  hands 

Tongue 

Drawing  parallel  lines 

Writing  slowly 
Dermagraphia  before  and  after  rebreathing 
Appearance — Tired 

Evidence  of  anxiety  or  of  stress. 

IV.  Personality  study: — 

Observation,  good  or  bad — Resourcefulness — 
Forcefulness 

Frankness  (Does  he  seems  to  be  genuine?) 

Spontaneity — Emotivity 

Temperament  (mood),  even,  lively,  dull,  un- 
steady, tendency  to  unburden,  stable 

Contentment 


[40] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

Alertness 

Aggressiveness 

Mental  Reactions,  quick,  slow,  deliberate,  de- 
gree of  mental  energy,  dull,  well  balanced,  high 
tension 

Cooperation — Sportsmanship — Self-possession 

Remarks : 

Rating: 

This  study  of  the  aviator's  personality 
judged  from  the  medical  standpoint  alone 
is  not  sufficiently  comprehensive  for  all 
purposes,  but  the  lines  of  inquiry  followed 
were  suggested  by  the  experience  gained 
from  examinations  made  on  the  field. 
The  initial  mental  symptoms  of  fatigue 
have  a  special  interest. 

MENTAL  SIGNS  OF  STALENESS 

1.  Lack  of  pleasure  in  the  work. 

2.  Lack  of  confidence. 

8.  Disgust  at  the  whole  business. 
[41] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

4.  Nervousness  in  attacking  the  task; 
technique  goes  to  pieces;  he  analyzes 
every  part  of  it  and  sees  his  task  too 
minutely. 

When  these  are  present  the  aviator 
should  not  be  allowed  to  fly. 

Personality  studies  properly  made  could 
be  used  to  great  advantage  in  laying  the 
foundations  for  a  rational  education.  The 
Quahfication  Card  *  for  use  in  schools  and 
colleges  was  suggested  to  me  as  the  result 
of  examining  students,  and  trying  to  as- 
sist them  in  some  of  their  difficulties  in 
adjusting  life.  The  need  for  this  kind 
of  work  both  in  schools  and  universities  is 
far  greater  than  had  been  imagined.  The 
information  asked  for  can  be  obtained  by 
any  intelligent  teacher,  and  it  is  of  such 

*  See  page  89. 

[42] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

a  character  that  special  technical  knowl- 
edge on  the  part  of  the  examiner  is  not 
necessary  in  gathering  the  data.  Impor- 
tant results  have  followed  the  introduc- 
tion of  even  such  brief  personality  studies 
and  already  have  led  to  more  frequent  and 
sympathetic  cooperation  between  parents, 
teachers  and  physicians.  A  number  of 
years  ago  we  suggested  that  a  training 
in  pedagogics  should  aim  to  give  teachers 
some  practical  insight  into  the  methods  of 
exploring  a  personality ;  in  order  that  they 
might  appreciate  the  beginning  of  the 
pathological  tendencies  which  are  respon- 
sible for  so  many  failures  in  life.*  The 
present  alarming  incidence  of  nervous  and 
mental  diseases  calls  for  more  active  ef- 

•  Paton,  S.    Psychiatry,  1905.    J.  B.  Lippincott  Com- 
pany, p.  197. 

[43] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

forts  on  our  part  to  secure  reliable  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  the  genesis  of  these 
disorders  and  the  methods  of  preventing 
their  development. 

VIII 

The  problem  of  human  behavior  cannot 
be  discussed  without  some  reference  being 
made  to  the  emotional  and  mental  symp- 
toms indicative  of  the  unrest  which  is 
appearing  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  These 
disorders  are  part  of  the  price  man  is 
paying  to-day  for  his  neglect  in  mak- 
ing adequate  provision  for  the  study  of 
human  nature.  Various  epidemics  of 
bodily  disease  during  the  middle  ages  se- 
riously menaced  the  progress  of  civiliza- 
tion. Since  that  time  the  progress  in 
medical  science  has  lessened  this  danger; 
[44] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

but  unfortunately  relatively  little  at- 
tention has  been  given  to  limiting  the 
spread  of  mental  disorders.  As  the  result 
of  the  greatest  war  in  history  and  the  pres- 
ent unsettled  social  conditions,  our  atten- 
tion is  now  being  forcibly  directed  to  the 
urgent  need  to  remedy  this  defect.  While 
we  are  waiting  as  patiently  as  possible  for 
additional  information  in  regard  to  the 
fundamental  qualities  of  human  nature, 
we  should  let  our  statesmen  realize  that 
the  data  already  in  our  possession  could 
be  used  to  advantage  in  assisting  to  restore 
the  emotional  and  mental  balance  essential 
to  the  establishment  of  peace  and  order. 

The  emotional  disorders  sweeping  over 
the  world  to-day  seem  to  have  a  common 
basis;  although  the  symptoms  are  modi- 
fied by  the  local  conditions  existing  in  the 
[45] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

different  countries.  There  is  no  more 
room  for  believing  that  the  emotional  in- 
stability appearing  in  Russia,  France,  or 
the  United  States  is  traceable  in  each 
country  to  independent  causes  than  there 
was  for  believing  that  the  extraordinary 
action  of  the  flagellants,  the  dancing  ma- 
nias, and  various  forms  of  psychotic  dis- 
turbances appearing  in  the  middle  ages 
were  the  result  of  diseases  differing  spe- 
cifically from  each  other. 

Dr.  Johnson  in  defining  the  word  in- 
sanity anticipated  some  of  our  modern 
psychiatric  conceptions  when  he  stated 
that  "all  power  of  fancy  over  reason  is  a 
degree  of  insanity."  Just  as  soon  as  fancy 
begins  to  supply  the  data  upon  which  we 
base  our  plan  for  the  conduct  of  life,  the 
condition  we  call  insanity  is  present.  This 
[46] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

is  the  biologic  conception  of  insanity  and 
not  the  one  generally  given  in  the  court 
room.  The  sane  man  faces  squarely  the 
plain  facts  connected  with  living  and  does 
so  under  all  ordinary  circumstances  with- 
out developing  a  feeling  of  insecurity  or 
inadequacy.  He  reviews  calmly  the  fact 
that  life  is  a  struggle  for  existence  and 
the  progress  of  civihzation  is  necessarily 
very  slow.  Having  faced  these  facts,  rea- 
son, not  fancy,  then  prepares  and  elab- 
orates his  program  for  living.  The  psy- 
cho-neurotic, driven  by  a  sense  of  inade- 
quacy and  insecurity,  dodges  the  main 
issues.  To  him  the  idea  of  struggle  and 
the  slowness  of  progress  are  harrowing 
thoughts.  Concrete,  well-defined  situa- 
tions are  extremely  harassing  as  the  possi- 
bility always  exists  of  being  forced  to  meet 
[47] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

an  unwelcome  intruder  in  the  guise  of 
some  unsolved  personal  question.  General 
theories  and  abstractions  take  the  place  of 
facts,  and  if  the  truth  cannot  be  avoided, 
to  quote  from  Huxley,  "its  fair  face  is 
varnished  with  the  pestilent  cosmetic  rhet- 
oric." Just  as  soon  as  confidence  in  self 
is  shaken  various  ruses  are  adopted  to  re- 
store the  emotional  equilibrium.  Differ- 
ent degrees  of  egotism  may  represent  the 
compensatory  efforts  to  effect  a  satisfac- 
tory readjustment.  The  aggressive  forms 
of  egotism  are  protective  reactions  useful 
in  keeping  intruders  off  the  premises; 
thus  reducing  the  danger  of  the  sudden 
exposure  of  the  real  personality.  In  pre- 
paring these  defenses  the  power  of  fancy 
over  reason  is  often  clearly  in  evidence. 
Society  has  unconsciously  made  it  in- 
[48] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

creasingly  difficult  for  the  psycho-neurotic 
to  face  his  own  problems.  We  have  been 
socialized  in  thought  to  the  extent  of 
avoiding  a  great  many  personal  questions, 
and  the  word  individual  has  almost  been 
dropped  from  our  vocabulary. 

Feelings  and  thoughts  as  weU  as  our 
living  quarters  are  shared  with  our 
friends  and  acquaintances.  Such  a  very 
keen  interest  has  been  developed  in  what 
other  people  are  doing  there  is  seldom 
time  to  put  our  own  house  in  order.  It  is 
a  great  comfort  to  the  psycho-neurotic  in- 
tellectual to  forget  temporarily  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  individual  citizen  and  to  dis- 
cuss class  privileges,  class  distinctions, 
class  rivalries  and  class  judgments.  He  is 
also  enthusiastic  in  discussing  general  so- 
cial conditions,  a  method  of  diverting  at- 
[49] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

tention  from  the  galling  recollections  of 
personal  defeat  and  personal  disappoint- 
ment. A  form  of  competitive  notoriety  in 
championing  the  cause  of  the  people  serves 
to  divert  attention  from  personal  failm-e. 
Any  suggestion  in  regard  to  making  the 
facts  derived  from  the  study  of  individual 
cases  of  human  behavior  the  basis  for  a 
science  of  character  is  received  with  scant 
consideration.  The  psycho-neurotic  dreads 
to  be  left  alone  with  himself  but  loves  to 
pose  in  public  as  a  martyr.  He  runs  away 
from  unsolved  personal  problems  and  de- 
velops fanatical  enthusiasms  in  studying 
general  social  questions;  and  tries  to  put 
democracy  on  the  patent-medidne  shelf 
as  a  universal  remedy,  hoping  thereby  to 
avoid  the  irritation  and  mortification  as- 
[50] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

sociated  with  the  recollection  of  personal 
insufficiency. 

Numerous  illustrations  selected  from 
actual  life  could  be  cited  as  evidence  of 
the  skill  acquired  in  camouflaging  the 
bitterness  of  personal  defeat  and  disap- 
pointment by  resorting  to  semi-rational- 
ization. 

There  is  the  familiar  case  of  the  neu- 
rotic mother  exhibiting  such  an  abnormal 
degree  of  solicitude  in  reforming  the  en- 
tire educational  system,  while  subjecting 
her  own  children  to  such  distracting  influ- 
ences in  the  home  that  the  natural  diffi- 
culties of  acquiring  good  mental  habits 
are  immeasurably  increased.  Then  there 
are  the  men  and  women  who  are  continu- 
ally declaring  their  interest  in  the  "broth- 
erhood of  man"  or  in  the  "cause  of  the 

[51] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

common  people"  who  in  the  inner  circle 
of  the  home  exhibit  peculiarly  exasperat- 
ing qualities  of  both  temperament  and 
character. 

An  interesting  illustration  of  the  sub- 
stitution of  general  terms  to  describe  a 
concrete  situation  is  exempUfied  by  the 
person  who  is  afraid  to  apply  the  tests 
suggested  by  reason  to  determine  whether 
his  own  life  has  been  a  success,  and 
suddenly  surprises  his  friends  by  an- 
nouncing his  conviction  that  there  is  a 
great  deal  of  good  in  the  present  Bolshe- 
vist movement.  This  statement,  which  at 
first  may  be  as  much  of  a  surprise  to  the 
person  making  it  as  to  his  friends,  exposes 
a  side  of  the  personality  which  was  care- 
fully hidden  from  the  public  view  until 
the  cat  jumped  out  of  the  bag.  Such  a 
[52] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

person  does  not  think  pertinently  nor 
through  any  of  the  real  issues  in  his  own 
life.  Extreme  solicitude  in  concealing 
personal  defects  generally  results  in  the 
exposure  of  the  real  personality. 

The  present  widespread  emotional  in- 
stability gives  rise  to  many  and  strange 
repugnances.  In  one  class  of  persons 
where  there  is  little  intellectual  capacity 
to  effect  a  partial  compensation,  the  symp- 
toms of  ennui  and  boredom  express  the 
general  dissatisfaction  with  self.  If  there 
is  sufficient  mentality  to  effect  a  compen- 
sation of  even  temporary  value  there  is 
apt  to  be  a  rapid  muiltiplication  of  wish- 
directed  thoughts  diverting  attention 
away  from  the  skeleton  in  the  closet.  The 
ineffectual  character  of  the  compensation 
may  be  indicated  by  attacks  of  mental 
[58] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

depression  and  these  are  followed  by  a 
period  in  which  great  zeal  is  shown  in 
elaborating  plans  for  the  general  improve- 
ment, not  of  the  individual,  but  of  so- 
ciety. The  various  plans  proposed  run 
^he  gamut  from  parlor  socialism  to  Bolshe- 
vism. We  need  to  be  reminded  constantly 
of  the  fact,  and  reminded  by  a  psychiatrist 
too,  that  we  can  remain  sane  only  if  we 
begin  by  setting  our  own  house  in  order 
before  starting  out  to  reform  the  world. 
And  the  first  step  in  this  direction  is  to 
learn  to  face  life  as  it  is,  and  not  as  we 
should  prefer  or  wish  to  have  it.  "Better 
the  sight  of  the  eyes  than  the  wandering 
of  desire"  is  an  old  Hebrew  maxim  based 
on  the  recognition  of  a  very  sound  princi- 
ple of  mental  hygiene  which  was  formu- 
lated a  great  many  centuries  before  Freu^ 
[54] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

redirected  attention  to  the  danger  of  un- 
controlled wishing. 

IX 

It  is  fortunate  for  Society  that  the  phy- 
sician is  still  interested  in  individual  cases, 
and  has  not  yet  shown  any  indication  of 
studying  disease  or  treating  his  patients 
as  the  average  social  reformer  attempts 
to  do,  en  masse.  His  work  compels  him 
to  attempt  to  make  a  diagnosis  of  each 
person's  malady,  and  his  generalizations 
as  a  rule  summarize  the  definite  findings 
of  specific  cases.  His  practice  is  based  on 
at  least  the  tacit  recognition  of  the  prin- 
ciple that  human  beings  are  independent 
autonomous  organisms,  each  requiring 
special  study  and  no  two  are  exactly  alike. 

The  average  American  could  profit  a 
[55] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

great  deal  by  taking  lessons  in  the  art  of 
balancing  his  personal  accounts,  emotional 
as  well  as  mental,  and  adopting  a  rational 
plan  for  finding  out  whether  the  debit  and 
credit  columns  tally.  There  is  sufficient 
evidence  to  show  that  as  a  nation  we  are 
untrained  in  this  art.  Our  personal  feel- 
ing of  insecurity,  our  fear  of  finding  su- 
periors is  revealed  in  the  emphasis  placed 
on  the  word  "equality"  while  relatively 
little  is  said  about  justice.  We  are 
driven  to  take  this  position  by  prompt- 
ings from  the  subconscious  field  remind- 
ing us  continually  of  our  inadequacy 
and  unfulfilled  ambitions.  It  would  be 
a  great  comfort  to  many  to  feel  that 
there  were  no  physical  or  mental  or 
social  inequalities.  Marked  solicitation 
characterizes  our  plans  for  developing 
[56] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

some  form  of  government  in  which  the 
biological  inequalities  of  individual  citi- 
zens will  be  carefully  concealed.  As  a 
people  we  are  always  afraid  of  finding 
superiors,  and  this  unfortunate  national 
characteristic  is  one  result  of  the  failure 
to  cultivate  an  intelligent  critical  spirit. 
If  we  were  satisfied  that  Democracy  had 
accomplished  all  we  claim  for  it,  there 
would  be  less  inclination  to  parade  its  vir- 
tues upon  every  occasion.  The  man  who 
is  honest  at  heart  seldom  makes  any  per- 
sonal reference  to  his  own  particular  vir- 
tues, and  advertised  virtues  are  rarely  to 
be  considered  as  pledges  of  good  conduct. 
We  have  just  begun  to  realize  the  dan- 
ger of  wishful  thinking.  Most  of  our 
wishes  are  artfully  concealed,  not  only 
from  public  inspection,  but  as  a  result  of 
[57] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

skillful  self-deception  even  from  our  own 
recognition.  As  a  wish  from  the  biological 
standpoint  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  an 
indication  of  the  "motor  set"  determining 
the  direction  of  all  our  activities,  the  ele- 
ments composing  it  are  found  largely  in 
our  subconscious  life.  This  is  a  fact  of 
which  we  need  to  be  constantly  reminded 
as  the  wish  when  translated  into  overt  ac- 
tion may  be  so  easily  reinforced  by  emo- 
tion that  its  genesis  is  soon  hidden  beneath 
a  very  complex  series  of  compensatory 
responses. 

Let  us  hope  that  the  physician  to-day 
will  make  the  best  use  of  the  opportunity 
which  the  war  has  brought  to  him  to  ac- 
quire for  himself  and  to  assist  others  to 
acquire  the  art  of  intelligent  self-criticism 
which  is  so  essential  in  protecting  indi- 
[58] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

viduals  against  the  incidence  of  nervous 
and  mental  disorders  as  well  as  in  com- 
pensating for  a  pronounced  defect  in  our 
national  life.  Intelligent  self-criticism  is 
needed  in  this  country  in  order  to  assist 
in  repelling  those  disorganizing  forces 
which  now  dissipate  individual  as  well  as 
national  energy. 

The  physician,  as  has  been  indicated, 
should  be  better  qualified  than  the  mem- 
ber of  any  other  profession  to  undertake 
the  study  of  body-mind  problems,  and  im- 
mediate action  should  be  taken  to  provide 
adequate  opportunities  in  our  medical 
schools  for  studying  the  problems  of  hu- 
man behavior.  The  future  of  our  civili- 
zation depends  first  upon  the  realization 
of  the  need  for  training  investigators  com- 
petent to  explore  these  special  problems. 
[59] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

A  neuro-psychiatric  institute  is  the 
logical  center  for  this  work.  The  insti- 
tute should  be  in  close  and  sympathetic 
connection  with  other  chnics  and  labora- 
tories, and  also  with  other  scientific  de- 
partments in  a  university  in  order  that 
there  may  be  collaboration  between  in- 
vestigators in  related  fields  of  study. 
When  once  these  centers  have  been  estab- 
lished then  we  may  know  that  an  intelli- 
gent eflPort  is  being  made  to  go  to  the  root 
of  many  of  our  social  troubles.  At  the 
present  time  money  and  energy  are  wasted 
in  the  treatment  of  the  last  stage  of  dis- 
orders of  adjustment  found  in  work- 
houses, asylums,  prisons,  reformatories 
and  various  other  institutions.  The  "down 
and  outs"  bear  witness  to  our  unprepared- 
ness  to  attack  directly  the  real  enemies  of 
[60] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 


Mental 
Hygiene 

Social 
Service 

Criminal 
Court 

Juvenile 
Court 

Medical 
Clinic 

Pediatric 
Clinic 

Surgical 
Clinic 

CLINICAL  RELATIONS 


For 
Study  of  Human  Behavior 

NEURO-PSYCHIATRIC  INSTITUTE 
Hospital   and   Laboratories 


LABORATORY  RELATIONS 


Physical  &  Chemical 
Laboratories 

Physiological 
Laboratory 

Anatomical 
Laboratory 

Anthropological 
Laboratory 


Psychological 
Laboratory 


Institute  for  Study 
of  Genetics 


[61] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

our  civilization.  It  is  singularly  unfor- 
tunate that  in  a  republic  it  has  never  been 
possible,  until  very  recently,  to  organize  a 
center  well  equipped  for  carrying  on  ex- 
plorations in  the  field  of  human  behavior. 

In  Newark,  N.  J.,  under  the  direction 
of  Dr.  C.  C.  Behng,*  a  Bureau  of  Mental 
Hygiene  is  now  being  organized  as  one  of 
the  divisions  of  the  Department  of  Pub- 
lic Affairs. 

The  physician  realizes  probably  to  a 
greater  degree  than  the  members  of  any 
other  profession  that  present  social  dis- 
orders as  well  as  other  diseases  can  be 
most  effectively  studied  by  beginning  with 
the  consideration  of  the  facts  in  individual 
cases.    His  training  as  well  as  his  prac- 

*  Health  Bulletin,  May,  1919.    Issued  monthly  by  the 
Department  of   Health,  Newark,  New  Jersey. 

[62] 


HUMAN  BEHAVIOR 

tical  philosophy  of  life  should  make  it  easy 
for  him  to  appreciate  the  value  of  Socra- 
tes' advice,  "Know  thyself."  Upon  the 
success  attained  in  assisting  people  to 
practice  the  precept  which  for  so  many 
centuries  has  been  repeated  automatically 
with  academic  precision,  depends  the  sta- 
bility and  development  of  himian  institu- 
tions. 


[68] 


CHAPTER  II 

WAK  AND  EDUCATION 


THE  war  has  not  taught  us  much  that 
is  new  in  regard  to  the  foundations 
of  character,  but  it  has  reminded  us  in  a 
tragic  way  of  the  importance  of  a  good 
many  old  truths.  The  revisions  of  the  cur- 
ricula, either  already  undertaken  or  being 
discussed,  in  educational  institutions,  civil 
as  well  as  military,  are  the  results  of  some 
of  the  useful  lessons  learned  during  our 

•  Address  delivered  at  the  Annual  Meeting,  Head- 
masters' Association  of  the  New  England  Schools,  New 
Haven,  Fdl>raaT7  14,  1919. 

[64] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

efforts  to  make  adequate  preparation  for 
waging  a  successful  war. 

Let  us  thank  Heaven  that  at  last  the 
words  "life"  and  "living"  have  been  writ- 
ten in  capitals  in  the  educational  program. 
The  educational  system,  according  to 
the  pronouncements  before  the  war,  pre- 
pared pupils  in  schools  for  college  and 
those  in  colleges  for  business  or  profes- 
sions ;  but  remained  silent  in  regard  to  any 
thoroughgoing  preparation  for  life  and 
living.  After  the  bitter  experiences  of  the 
last  four  years  the  discovery  has  been 
made  that  in  exploring  life  and  in  direct- 
ing the  activities  of  human  beings,  it  is 
essential  to  enlist  the  interest  and  serv- 
ices of  persons  who  understand  something 
about  the  running  capacity  of  the  human 
machine.  We  know  now  that  a  knowl- 
[65] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

edge  of  mathematics,  Greek,  or  chemistry 
does  not  imply  the  possession  of  the  ex- 
perience essential  for  the  intelligent  di- 
rection of  the  emotional  life,  for  cultivat- 
ing good  mental  habits,  for  the  adoption 
of  precautions  necessary  in  protecting  the 
soldier  against  symptoms  of  shell-shock 
or  the  civilian  against  nervousness,  for 
increasing  military  or  industrial  efficiency, 
for  avoiding  the  emotional  conflicts  result- 
ing in  egotism,  and  for  keeping  the  mind 
free  of  the  obsessions,  over-valued  ideas, 
and  irrational  fears  which  seriously  inter- 
fere, either  with  military  preparedness,  or 
the  kind  of  mental  preparedness  requisite 
for  a  true  and  durable  peace,  and  last  but 
not  least,  for  success  in  living. 

Some  persons  realize  that  education 
should  be  considered  as  the  process  of 
[66] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

assisting  human  beings,  first  to  measure 
their  own  physical,  emotional,  and  intel- 
lectual capacities,  and,  second,  to  adjust 
their  lives  so  as  to  give  free  expression 
to  their  natural,  and  not  as  is  so  often  the 
case  to  thwarted  or  distorted  propensities. 

It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  already 
the  more  general  and  intelligent  interest 
taken  in  the  study  of  the  foundations  of 
character  promises  to  repay  a  thousand- 
fold all  the  cost  of  war,  measured  either 
by  money  expended,  suffering  endured  or 
life  lost. 

For  a  good  many  centuries  pupils  have 
written  with  automatic  precision  in  their 
copy-books,  "Know  thyself,"  but  they 
have  had  little  instruction  in  the  difficult 
art  of  acquiring  reliable  self-knowledge. 
Unfortunately  a  war  seems  to  have  been 
[67] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

necessary  to  give  to  the  academic  mind  a 
definite  interest  and  reason  for  translat- 
ing the  Socratic  precept  into  action.  If 
professors  had  taken  a  more  practical  in- 
terest in  assisting  students  to  realize  in 
their  own  lives  some  of  the  Greek  ideals 
Greek  would  still  be  one  of  the  required 
studies. 

School  and  coUege  records  usually  con- 
tain conventional  references  to  a  stu- 
dent's acquisitive,  but  unfortunately  none 
to  his  inquisitive  capacity,  and  as  a 
rule  omit  altogether  any  allusion  to  the 
strength  and  set  of  the  deep  emotional 
under-currents  shaping  his  personality. 
If  we  were  accustomed  to  going  below  the 
surface  of  a  personality  and  to  studying  its 
composition,  we  should  not  be  so  aston- 
ished to  learn  that  the  very  ancient  in- 
[68] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

stinct  of  self-preservation  could  gain  such 
domineering  control  of  the  conduct  of  an 
intelligent  man  as  happened  to  an  officer 
who,  while  waiting  under  heavy  shell  fire 
for  orders,  experienced  great  relief  from 
nervous  tension  as  soon  as  he  covered  his 
head  with  a  blanket.  Nor  would  we  be 
nonplussed  in  the  search  for  a  satisfactory 
explanation  of  the  behavior  of  the  avia- 
tor possessing  an  excellent  record  as  a 
pilot,  who  suddenly  lost  his  nerve  and 
flatly  refused  to  go  up  in  a  plane,  regard- 
less of  the  consequences  of  disobedience. 
Here  the  attempt  to  turn  the  back  upon 
and  forget  an  extremely  annoying  un- 
solved personal  problem  precipitated  a 
conflict  by  trying  to  force  unwelcome  in- 
truding thoughts  out  of  consciousness. 
The  struggle  ended  in  temporary  but  com- 
[69] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

plete  loss  of  courage.  Some  advice  and  as- 
sistance led  to  a  complete  readjustment, 
including  the  return  of  self-confidence, 
and  to  the  enjoyment  of  the  satisfaction 
of  again  making  good  as  a  flier. 

In  schools  and  colleges  we  pay  a  great 
deal  of  attention  to  training  the  lately  ac- 
quired conscious  processes  but  do  not  de- 
vote much  time  to  exploring  the  basic  in- 
stincts forming  the  foundation  of  char- 
acter. War  in  many  instances  has  torn 
off  the  outside  covering  of  the  personality 
and  exposed  the  real  driving  forces  in  the 
human  personality.  Time  and  again  it 
has  been  shown  that  a  nervous  breakdown 
either  in  civil  Hfe  or  on  the  battlefield  is 
due  to  the  disorganization  following  a 
poorly  assimilated  instinctive  life. 
[70] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

n 

While  the  Army  is  beginning  to  appre- 
ciate the  necessity  for  protecting  the  sol- 
dier against  shell-shock,  but  very  little  is 
being  done  by  the  schools  and  colleges  to 
protect  the  civilian  in  times  of  peace,  by 
giving  him  the  right  kind  of  education 
to  withstand  the  strain  and  stress  of  mod- 
em life. 

During  the  school  period  much  could 
be  accomplished  in  detecting  and  then 
correcting  the  presence  of  the  disruptive 
forces  which  later  in  life  might  tend  to 
disorganize  the  entire  personality.  It  is 
well  for  the  educator  to  understand  the 
fact  that  a  nervous  or  mental  breakdown 
is  one  of  Nature's  methods  of  protesting 
against  the  attempt  to  live  in  a  manner 
[71] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

which  makes  an  entente  between  instinct 
and  reason  either  difficult  or  impossible, 
or,  as  Emerson  said,  "puts  a  man  out  of 
connection  with  his  reason." 

All  intelligent  schoolmasters  thorough- 
ly appreciate  the  responsibility  for  taking 
adequate  measures  to  protect  the  physical 
health  of  the  pupil,  but  the  case  is  differ- 
ent when  it  comes  to  the  mental  life.  To- 
day there  is  no  question  where  the  blame 
should  be  placed  for  the  tragic  ending  of 
the  following  case : 

A  boy  while  in  boarding  school  begins 
to  cough  and  expectorate  and  at  the  same 
time  rapidly  loses  in  weight.  Weeks  later, 
after  the  symptoms  have  developed  to  an 
alarming  extent,  and  after  other  boys 
have  been  infected,  the  schoolmaster  seeks 
the  advice  of  a  consulting  physician  who 
[72] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

at  once  makes  a  diagnosis  of  tuberculosis. 
In  this  case  the  public  rightly  places  the 
blame  on  the  schoolmaster. 

Here  is  the  record  of  another  boy,  and 
in  the  minds  of  the  laity  there  may  be 
doubt,  but  the  psychiatrist  has  none,  as 
to  the  degree  of  direct  responsibility  the 
schoolmaster  has  in  averting  an  equally 
tragic  ending.  During  his  school  days  the 
second  boy  gave  much  evidence  of  the 
existence  of  cross  purposes  existing  be- 
tween his  instinctive  life  and  the  so-called 
mental  processes.  There  were  periods  of 
moodiness,  and  distinct  attacks  of  the 
"blues."  At  other  times  there  was  a  de- 
cided tendency  to  hyperactivity  and  an 
unusual  buoyancy  of  spirit.  The  school 
records  show  that  the  school  requirements 
were  satisfied  and  the  results  of  examina- 
[78] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

tioiis  were  excellent.  Several  years  after 
leaving  college  there  was  a  complete  ner- 
vous breakdown  followed  by  a  partial 
readjustment.  In  the  subsequent  effort 
to  obliterate  all  traces  of  inadequacy  the 
young  man  over-compensated  in  his 
search  for  peace,  becoming  a  pacifist  and 
radical  socialist.  His  interest  in  univer- 
sal peace  and  in  the  brotherhood  of  man- 
kind represents  an  effort  to  attain  per- 
sonal peace  and  to  satisfy  an  ungratified 
desire  of  being  a  good  mixer. 

The  educator  should  be  familiar  with 
the  effort  so  often  made  by  those  possess- 
ing a  weakened  sense  of  personality  to 
compensate  for  this  defect  by  arbitrarily 
dividing  society  into  two  rival  classes  and 
then  by  assuming  membership  in  the  group 
which  has  been  selected  as  the  only  one 
[74] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

entitled  to  salvation.  Time  and  circum- 
stances change  the  names  of  the  group, 
but  this  method  of  securing  personal  sal- 
vation is  as  old  as  the  human  race.  The 
"sheep  and  goats,"  "saints  and  sinners," 
"capitalists  and  laborers"  represent  the 
elect  or  the  damned,  depending  upon  the 
point  of  view  adopted. 

Here  is  an  example  of  the  futile  attempt 
often  made  under  trying  circumstances 
to  compensate  for  a  weakened  sense  of 
personality.  A  young  person  brought  up 
in  conventional  surroundings,  but  suffer- 
ing from  the  effect  of  emotional  instabil- 
ity, mental  repressions,  and  the  lack  of 
opportunities  to  give  adequate  expression 
to  the  drive  of  the  instinctive  life  and  wish- 
directed  thoughts,  suddenly  develops  an 
intense  interest  in  a  nmnber  of  social 
[75] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

movements  having  as  their  object  the  radi- 
cal and  immediate  reorganization  of  pres- 
ent customs  and  modes  of  thought.  It 
does  not  require  any  one  with  a  very  pro- 
found knowledge  of  human  nature  to  ap- 
preciate the  source  of  the  motives  and  the 
reason  for  the  development  of  these  very 
radical  opinions. 

The  following  case  illustrates  the  great 
difficulty  of  discovering  the  real  cause 
of  maladjustment  and  the  difficulties 
in  remedying  a  difficult  situation.  A 
lad  about  sixteen  years  of  age  was 
miable  to  adjust  his  life  satisfactorily 
to  the  environment  of  a  boarding  school. 
Although  he  did  reasonably  well  in  his 
book  work,  he  was  subject  to  marked  emo- 
tional disturbances  which  were  partly  con- 
cealed by  a  series  of  compensatory  defense 
[76] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

reactions.  The  boy  could  not  be  relied 
upon  for  persistent  efforts,  and  unless  he 
received  a  great  deal  of  praise  his  work 
rapidly  deteriorated.  At  times  he  was 
possessed  of  unusual  determination  and 
would  do  a  great  deal  of  work  in  spurts 
along  lines  in  which  he  had  some  special 
interest,  and  showed  considerable  strength 
in  resisting  distracting  influences.  One 
of  the  symptoms  which  first  attracted 
the  attention  of  his  teachers  was  the 
tendency  to  do  and  say  things  that 
brought  him  into  unusual  notice,  while 
among  his  companions  he  was  boastful 
and  his  actions  often  were  decidedly  dra- 
matic. At  times  he  was  a  "good  mixer" 
and  at  others,  if  his  luck  was  against  him, 
seclusive  and  occasionally  extremely  reti- 
cent. The  periods  of  reticence  seemed  to 
[77] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

be  followed  by  outbreaks  of  unusually 
good  fellowship,  and  these  were  accom- 
panied by  amusing  eccentricities  and  man- 
nerisms. His  honesty  in  regard  to  money 
matters  and  his  sense  of  responsibility 
were  strangely  defective.  Although  not 
actually  caught  in  any  dishonest  practices, 
he  gave  the  impression  at  times  of  not  hav- 
ing a  very  clear  conception  of  the  embar- 
rassing position  in  which  he  placed  him- 
self nor  of  his  pecuniary  obligations.  He 
was  not  noted  either  in  sport  or  in  class 
room  work  for  any  ability  or  inclination 
to  stand  alone,  and  was  quick  and  ingeni- 
ous in  offering  explanations  whenever,  as 
is  so  often  the  case,  he  was  thrown  on  his 
own  resources  or  compelled  to  explain 
some  statement  he  had  made.  The  ex- 
cuses off'ered  in  explanation  of  his  per- 
[78] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

sonal  defects  were  often  exceedingly  elab- 
orate. If  forced  by  circumstances  into  a 
position  where  the  inconsistencies  of  his 
statements  were  apparent,  he  never  ad- 
mitted the  real  difficulty  and  made  haste 
to  prepare  a  new  set  of  defenses. 

For  the  present  purpose  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  give  any  more  details,  as  sufficient 
has  been  said  to  indicate  how  poorly  the 
majority  of  parents  as  well  as  teachers 
are  equipped  to  deal  satisfactorily  with 
such  a  complex  of  symptoms.  The  con- 
ditions in  the  home  life,  as  is  so  often  the 
case,  were  unfavorable  for  the  boy.  The 
father  was  unusually  stern  and  subject  to 
sudden  impulses,  and  the  mother  present- 
ed the  emotional  instability  so  often  asso- 
cited  with  the  so-called  artistic  or  psycho- 
neurotic temperament. 
[79] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

If  the  proper  environment  is  supplied 
at  the  right  time  in  cases  of  this  character, 
and  sympathy  and  intelligent  assistance 
given  in  solving  the  personal  problems,  it 
would  often  be  possible  to  direct  the  ac- 
tivities along  lines  which  would  not  termi- 
nate in  a  tragedy.  The  real  difficulties 
in  the  case  were  probably  of  an  elementary 
character  but  should  be  sought  for  below 
the  conscious  level.  There  can  be  little 
doubt  that  this  particular  boy,  who  may 
be  taken  as  representing  a  large  class,  had 
started  off  in  Kfe  without  an  opportunity 
to  appreciate  and  to  prepare  to  meet  the 
difficulties  connected  with  living  which  he 
would  undoubtedly  be  called  upon  to  face. 
It  is  interesting  to  compare  with  this 
type  of  case  another  one  where  apparently 
the  mechanism  of  adjusting  life  is  not  one 
[80] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

whit  more  effective  than  in  the  first  in- 
stance; but  the  boy  has  grown  up  in  an 
environment  where  plain  facts  are  not 
varnished  by  rhetoric  and  the  habit  is 
formed  of  meeting  difficulties  as  they  arise 
and  of  dealing  with  concrete  situations.  In 
the  second  case  the  danger  of  sudden  col- 
lapse is  much  less  than  in  the  first 
boy  where  an  artificial  series  of  reactions 
has  been  built  up  and  the  security  of  these 
defenses  depends  merely  upon  the 
strength  in  resisting  sudden  impulses 
without  the  ability  to  enUst  the  full  power 
of  rational  control. 

Before  passing  on  to  the  consideration 
of  another  phase  of  the  question  I  think 
it  may  be  said  that  within  a  few  years 
public  opinion  will  hold  educators  as 
strictly  to  account  for  the  tragic  failures 
[81] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

of  students  beginning  with  marked  disor- 
ders of  the  emotional  life  as  it  does  now 
for  the  unfortunate  ending  of  a  case  show- 
ing marked  pulmonary  symptoms  and  left 
so  long  without  proper  medical  attention. 


Bat 


The  results  of  the  war  experiences  have 
indicated  the  reasons  for  emphasizing  the 
value  that  in  any  rational  scheme  of  edu- 
cation should  be  placed  upon  "doing 
things."  Again  and  again  we  have  been 
reminded  of  the  fact  that  the  sense  of  ac- 
complishment, associated  with  movement, 
is  essential  for  sane  thinking  and  the  de- 
velopment of  real,  stimulating,  perma- 
nent intellectual  interests.  The  people 
who  have  found  the  daily  struggle  of  life 
[82] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

a  little  bit  more  than  they  could  endure 
with  equanimity  and  have  resorted  to 
petty  intellectualisms  in  order  to  restore 
their  own  lost  balance,  have  assumed  that 
doing  is  an  inferior  function  to  thinking. 
Our  national  failing  of  being  hypnotized 
by  the  sound  of  words  is  one  result  of  such 
academic  conceptions  of  education  as 
those  to  which  reference  has  been  made. 

One  of  the  extraordinary  fallacies  in  the 
present  system  of  education  is  the  assump- 
tion that  the  emotional  and  mental  char- 
acteristics of  the  cultured  person  may  be 
developed  in  students  merely  by  instruc- 
tion in  the  Classics.  The  ridiculousness  of 
this  position  is  apparent  as  soon  as  we 
begin  to  analyze  the  characteristics  of  a 
cultured  mind.  Considered  from  the 
psychologic  point  of  view,  the  ability  to 
[83] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

select  the  best  that  has  been  thought  and 
said  in  literature  is  a  special  capacity  de- 
pending principally  upon  certain  emo- 
tional, not  intellectual,  qualities  which  pre- 
serve a  balance  by  preventing  the  forma- 
tion of  obsessions  and  over-valued  ideas. 
This  discriminating  capacity  is  developed 
as  the  result  of  the  proper  adjustment 
maintained  between  feeling,  thinking  and 
action.  The  reason  our  schools  and  uni- 
versities have  not  been  more  successful 
in  fostering  the  spread  of  culture  is  that 
so  much  emphasis  has  been  devoted  to 
selecting  subjects  of  thought  that  prac- 
tically little  attention  has  been  given  to 
improving  methods  of  thinking.  Every 
college  graduate  should  be  familiar  with 
the  conditions  essential  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  sanity  and  understand  what  pre- 
[84] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

cautions  should  be  observed  as  necessary 
to  cultivate  intelligent  intellectual  in- 
terests. He  should  also  know  what  could 
be  done  to  keep  the  mind  free  from  the 
distorting  influences  of  a  poorly  regu- 
lated emotional  life. 

Action,  Professor  G.  H.  Parker  of 
Harvard  has  reminded  us,  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  ingrained  of  our  func- 
tions. The  muscular  system  is  probably 
millions  of  years  older  than  the  nervous 
system,  and  we  now  know  that  this  mus- 
cular system  gives  the  set  to  all  activities 
finding  their  ultimate  expression  in  wish- 
es, in  desires  and  in  the  whole  current  of 
the  emotional  and  intellectual  life. 

It  is  interesting  to  speculate  as  to 
whether  the  Gettysburg  speech  would  ever 
have  been  written  if  Lincoln  had  not  been 
[85] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

able  to  chop  wood;  if  the  frescoes  of  the 
Sistine  Chapel  would  ever  have  been  con- 
ceived if  the  brain  of  the  artist  had  not 
also  been  capable  of  formulating  plans 
and  assisting  in  the  construction  of 
the  scaffolding  upon  which  he  worked ;  or 
whether  Newton  would  ever  have  discov- 
ered in  the  fall  of  the  apple  the  universal 
law  if  he  had  not  been  familiar  with  the 
sense  of  accomplishment  associated  with 
doing. 

Functions  described  as  feeling  may  be 
classified  with  doing  as  primordial.  The 
academic  bias  in  favor  of  thinking  has 
made  us  forget  how  much  more  funda- 
mental feeling  and  doing  are.  Thinking 
is  only  the  surface  current  in  the  stream. 
The  direction  of  both  desire  and  the 
[86] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

thought  processes  are  determined  by  the 
emotional  set. 

The  war  has  taught  us  a  great  deal 
about  the  danger  of  irrationally  directed 
feehng.  Do  we  need  now  any  reminder 
of  the  fact  that  feeling  should  be  linked 
up  early  in  life  with  rational  as  well  as 
permanent  motives  and  ideals,  and,  as  of 
equal  importance,  with  action? 

Perverted  feeling,  a  feeling  of  imag- 
inary superiority,  was  the  high  explosive 
in  the  German  character.  Half  a  cen- 
tury ago  even  thoughtful  people  did  not 
appreciate  the  danger  lurking  in  the  Teu- 
tonic complex  of  symptoms  in  which  ego- 
tism, sentimentality  and  wishful  thinking 
were  the  dangerous  elements.  It  was  not 
the  militarist  who  lighted  the  torch  that 
[87] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

set  the  world  in  a  blaze,  but  the  super- 
idealist  dreaming  of  Teutonic  supremacy. 
If  Germany's  emotions  were  too  often 
suppressed  ours  find  expression  too  easily. 
We  are  conducting  a  very  doubtful  ex- 
periment when  we  permit  such  emotional 
storms  to  break  as  are  seen  in  connection 
with  American  athletic  contests.  Organ- 
ized cheering  and  other  manifestations  of 
hysteria  have  no  connection  with  the  nor- 
mal idea  of  sport,  and  these  emotional 
storms  are  doing  a  great  deal  to  check  the 
development  of  intellectual  interests  in 
schools  and  colleges  by  giving  the  student 
a  false  set  of  values  as  well  as  tending  to 
foster  the  spirit  of  Chauvinism  and  boast- 
fulness  which  at  times  assume  such  ridicu- 
lous proportions  in  our  national  life. 
[88] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 
IV 

The  following  suggestions  are  made  be- 
cause they  have  a  direct  bearing  upon  the 
whole  educational  problem.  The  informa- 
tion asked  for  on  the  Qualification  Card 
should  be  readily  obtained  by  any  intelli- 
gent teacher  who  has  not  had  any  special 
training  in  the  art  of  exploring  the  per- 
sonality. These  cards  could  be  used  to 
great  advantage  in  both  schools  and  col- 
leges. If  records  of  this  kind  were  kept 
we  should  accumulate  a  great  deal  of  val- 
uable information  bearing  upon  the  real 
problems  of  education,  in  most  of  which, 
at  the  present,  we  seem  to  have  only  an 
academic  interest. 

QUALIFICATION  CARD 

Birthplace  of  father of  mother 

Father's  profession    

Number  of  brothers Number  of  sisters 


[89] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

.    Professional  and  intellectual  interests  of  parents 

refer  to  musical  and  artistic  abilities 

of  members  of  family 


Qiief  characteristics  of  home  environment 

Brief  description  of  physical  defects 

Height Weight note  any  recent  changes  — 

Indicate  special  aptitudes  shown  at  play  or  work 


Record  specifically  character  and  degree  of  coordination 
of  movements Manual  dex- 
terity     

Note  emotional  balance Is  it  easily  disturbed? 

Is  there  any  tendency  to  seclusiveness  ? 

To  aggressive  sociability? 

What  are  the  chief  characteristics  in  facing  any  critical 
situation?    


Is  there  a  frank  and  open  attitude? 

Note  any  strong  or  unusual  prejudice 

What  evidence  is  there  of  intelligent  curiosity?. 


Does  the  attention  easily  lapse? 

What  is  the  capacity  for  concentrated  eflFort? 

What  opportunity  has  been   given  to  sense   feeling  of 

achievement    

[s  any  special  interest  developing? 

[90] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

(1)  Notes  should  be  made  of  the  per- 
sonality of  each  pupil.  The  effort  should 
be  made  to  find  out  what  he  is  fitted  for 
emotionally  as  well  as  intellectually  before 
attempting  to  "fit  him"  either  for  college 
or  any  other  field  of  activity. 

(2)  Each  student  before  he  leaves 
school  should  experience  a  definite  sense 
of  achievement  in  connection  with  his 
work.  If  he  does  not  have  this  satisfac- 
tion an  intelligent  effort  should  be  made 
to  find  out  what  it  was  that  prevented. 

(8)  Fewer  subjects  should  be  taught 
and  those  which  are  taught  should  be  bet- 
ter taught.  The  fact  that  we  expect  pu- 
pils to  study  so  many  different  subjects 
leaves  no  time  for  the  learning  spirit  to 
develop,  creates  and  fixes  bad  mental  hab- 
its and  induces  a  series  of  reactions  which 
[91] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

later  in  life  predisposes  the  pupil  to  func- 
tional nervous  disease. 

(4)  The  boy  should  be  helped  to  real- 
ize the  Greek  ideal  of  becoming  a  good 
companion  for  himself.  A  great  many 
Americans  are  afraid  of  themselves,  and 
this  is  because  they  have  no  intelligent  in- 
terest either  in  the  immediate  environment 
or  immediate  present.  A  boy  who  while 
walking  in  the  country  takes  an  intelli- 
gent interest  in  what  he  sees,  such  as 
plants,  insects,  etc.,  other  things  being 
equal,  has  acquired  a  series  of  "feeling" 
and  "thinking"  reactions  which  will  serve 
later  in  life  as  an  excellent  protection 
against  the  development  of  nervous  mal- 
adjustments. 

It  is  most  unfortunate  that  so  little  at- 
tention is  given  in  schools  to  old-fashioned 
[92] 


WAR  AND  EDUCATION 

Nature  study,  which  could  be  taught  to 
great  advantage  if  combined  with  sketch- 
ing. The  individual  student  as  well  as  the 
cause  of  science  would  both  be  benefited 
if  the  colleges  and  universities  required 
from  all  applicants  for  admission  to  un- 
dergraduate courses  proof  that  they  had 
acquired  an  intelligent  interest  in  nature 
studies, 

A  struggle  of  far  greater  importance 
and  intensity  than  the  war  has  begun.  It 
is  our  duty  to  try  to  make  democracy  safe 
for  the  world;  and  not  follow  the  Prus- 
sian's example  of  assuming  that  the  world 
should  be  made  safe  either  for  democracy 
or  autocracy.  The  only  hope  of  accom- 
plishing this  depends  upon  our  abil- 
ity to  regulate  human  behavior  intelli- 
gently. Surely  those  who  call  themselves 
[93] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

educators  should  realize  that  this  cannot 
be  done  unless  we  study  the  human  ma- 
chine and  explore  the  genesis  of  impulses, 
the  development  of  the  personahty  and 
add  some  understanding  of  the  method 
of  regulating  intelligently  the  forces  ex- 
pressed in  human  behavior. 


[94] 


CHAPTER  III 

THE   PSYCHIATEIC   CLINIC   AND   THE  COM- 
MUNITY * 

THE  increasing  interest  shown  in  the 
study  of  human  activities  is  one  of 
the  most  significant  and  hopeful  signs  of 
our  times.  Momentous  as  was  the  im- 
pulse given  to  science  by  Copernicus,  Gali- 
leo and  Newton  one  result  of  their  inves- 
tigations was  to  direct  attention  to  a  uni- 
verse in  which  human  beings  were  con- 
sidered to  be  merely  passive  observers  of 

*  Address  delivered  at  the  opening  exercises  of  the 
Henry  Phipps  Psychiatric  Clinic,  The  Johns  Hopkins 
Hospital,   Baltimore,  Md. 

[95] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

natural  phenomena.  So  absorbed  did 
man  become  in  formulating  hypotheses  to 
explain  a  theoretical  universe  of  which  he 
did  not  form  a  part,  and  in  delving  into 
the  records  of  his  own  past  history,  that  he 
neglected  the  study  of  present  activities. 
At  last  the  course  of  events  warned  him 
that  the  lessons  of  remembrance  or  the 
hypertrophied  historical  sense  had  become 
"a  malady  from  which  men  suffer." 

The  dedication  of  a  psychiatric  clinic  is 
an  event  of  more  than  ordinary  impor- 
tance to  a  community,  since  it  marks  the 
awakening  of  intelligent  interest  in  man 
as  an  active  thinking  being.  Having 
striven  for  centuries  to  improve  the  meth- 
ods for  recording  his  fanaticisms,  super- 
stitions, sins  of  omission  and  of  commis- 
sion, and  failures  to  adjust  life  to  meet 
[96] 


THE  PSYCHIATRIC  CLINIC 

new  conditions,  he  has  begun  at  last  to 
take  rational  measures  to  improve  his  lot, 
and  to  acquaint  himself  with  the  laws  on 
which  the  social  organism  rests.  Because 
the  value  of  this  benefaction  to  the  com- 
munity will  depend  directly  upon  the  in- 
telligent use  of  resources  and  energy  made 
available  for  rendering  more  effective  serv- 
ice to  humanity,  may  we  not  profitably  de- 
vote a  few  moments  in  attempting  to 
formulate  some  of  the  problems  to  the 
solution  of  which  this  clinic  is  dedicated? 
Errors  in  judgment  committed  now,  in 
estimating  the  scope  and  the  character  of 
the  investigations  to  be  carried  on  in  this 
building,  might  defeat  the  efforts  of  those 
upon  whom  the  responsibility  of  equaliz- 
ing opportunity  and  achievement  must 
faU. 

[97] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

This  clinic,  in  a  peculiarly  distinctive 
manner,  typifies  the  human  as  well  as  the 
hiraiane  spirit  of  the  twentieth  century. 
During  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries  the  physical  sciences  had  suc- 
ceeded in  breaking  away  from  the  tra- 
ditions and  superstitions  which  had  ham- 
pered their  development.  Astronomy 
had  been  divorced  from  astrology,  chem- 
istry from  alchemy,  and  the  foundations 
of  geology  had  actually  been  laid.  In  the 
nineteenth  century  the  renaissance  of  the 
biological  sciences  was  accompanied  by 
the  formulation  and  expression  of  a  ra- 
tional idea  of  man's  position  in  cosmos. 
Towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  and 
the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century 
a  few  investigators  had  already  called  at- 
tention to  the  importance  of  studying  the 
[98] 


THE  PSYCHIATRIC  CLINIC 

activities  of  human  beings;  but  not  until 
the  second  half  of  the  last  century  was 
there  any  realization  of  the  fact  that  the 
most  interesting  phenomena  of  the  uni- 
verse for  human  beings  to  study  were  their 
own  activities.  How  do  we  live,  move  and 
have  our  being? 

To  the  lay  mind  the  term  psychiatry 
often  suggests  a  very  limited  field  in  med- 
ical science,  but  those  who  take  an  active 
part  in  the  work  of  this  clinic  will  easily 
appreciate  that  they  are  engaged  in  at- 
tempting to  find  the  solution  of  problems 
of  far  greater  importance  than  any  re- 
lating merely  to  the  care  of  patients  suf- 
fering from  mental  and  nervous  disorder. 
Anomalies  of  thought  and  conduct  are 
studied  in  order  that  the  knowledge  ac- 
quired may  be  applied  directly  to  making 
[99] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

life  for  the  majority  of  persons  pleasanter 
and  more  effective.  Institutions  of  this 
character  are  intended  primarily  for  the 
study  of  human  nature  along  broad  bio- 
logical lines. 

We  are  justified  in  considering  disease 
as  an  analytical  process  which  reduces  to 
a  comprehensive  form  the  complex  activi- 
ties we  designate  collectively  as  health. 
An  intimate  knowledge  of  abnormal  states 
of  mind  and  body  is,  as  Pinel  affirmed,  a 
key  that  unlocks  the  secrets  of  human  his- 
tory. By  making  use  of  nature's  contrast 
of  functions  we  may  also  gain  an  insight 
into  that  continuous  process  of  adjust- 
ment we  call  life.  From  the  study  of 
disease  the  facts  have  been  gathered  for 
the  foundations  upon  which  modern  pre- 
ventive medicine  has  been  established,  and 
[100] 


THE  PSYCHIATRIC  CLINIC 

through  it  a  new  meaning  has  been  given 
to  life  and  greater  efficiency  in  thought 
and  action  to  those  who  profit  by  the  les- 
sons of  science.  For  centuries  the  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  body  have  been  studied 
by  physicians,  and  a  knowledge  of  the 
structure  and  function  of  the  separate 
parts  has  been  attained.  It  is  essential, 
if  we  are  to  comprehend  the  fundamental 
mechanisms  of  response  of  the  organism, 
that  we  familiarize  ourselves  with  the  laws 
which  govern  the  relationship  of  all  these 
organs  as  they  are  expressed  in  each  indi- 
vidual, and  we  must  accustom  ourselves  to 
study  man  as  a  living  organism. 

Living  beings  have  the  capacity  of  ex- 
pressing their  integral  unity  as  individu- 
als, and  in  the  case  of  man  there  are  spe- 
cial mechanisms   of  adjustment,   coUec- 
[101] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

tively  designated  as  the  personality.  The 
complex  adjustments  synthesized  in  the 
personality  may  easily  be  deranged  by  in- 
terference with  the  activities  of  organs  or 
by  disturbing  the  capacity  for  adaptation, 
the  chief  function  of  sense  organs,  brain 
and  nervous  system.  We  all  know  how 
intimately  dependent  human  beings  are 
upon  their  environment.  Changes  in  the 
latter  call  for  delicate  and  immediate 
adaptation,  and  it  may  be  said  the  prob* 
lems  of  psychiatry  relate  to  the  determina- 
tion of  the  causes  which  give  rise  to  im- 
perfect adjustments. 

A  great  blessing  was  conferred  by  sci- 
ence upon  humanity  when  the  problems 
of  psychiatry  were  re-stated  in  biological 
terms.  Life  was  recognized  as  a  process 
of  adjustment,  relatively  perfect  in  health 
[102] 


THE  PSYCHIATRIC  CLINIC 

and  imperfect  in  disease ;  while  that  meta- 
physical term  insanity,  arbitrarily  reserved 
to  designate  certain  forms  of  unsuccessful 
adjustment,  was  cast  into  the  rubbish- 
heap,  together  with  the  chains,  strait- 
jackets  and  hand-cuffs  which  had  long 
tortured  the  lives  of  patients.  Out  of  hazy 
mystical  conceptions  entertained  in  regard 
to  the  nature  and  genesis  of  activities  de- 
scribed as  thought  and  conduct  sprang 
new  ideas  potent  to  inspire  the  minds  of 
investigators,  capable  not  only  of  bring- 
ing about  great  practical  reforms  in  the 
care  of  the  insane,  but  also  in  improving 
the  methods  for  attacking  the  problems 
relating  to  human  thought  and  conduct. 
As  the  ultimate  success  of  the  work  to 
be  carried  on  in  this  clinic,  more  than  in 
any  other  department  of  the  hospital,  will 
[103] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

depend  upon  cooperative  endeavor,  I  may 
be  permitted  to  emphasize  what  seems  to 
me  to  be  an  important  factor  in  organiza- 
tion and  administration.  The  patients 
presenting  themselves  for  treatment  are 
subjects  of  imperfect  adjustments  in  the 
Kfe  process.  The  time  during  which  they 
remain  under  observation  in  these  wards 
will  represent  relatively  brief  epochs  of 
life,  and  the  records  of  cases  will  often 
give  but  cursory  glimpses  into  the  gene- 
sis, duration  and  progress  of  imperfect 
life  adaptations.  In  order  to  serve  the 
high  purpose  for  which  it  is  planned  and 
dedicated  this  clinic  should  be  regarded  as 
an  important  link  in  a  chain  of  agencies, 
home,  school,  college,  other  hospitals  and 
institutions ;  in  fact  of  the  entire  social  or- 
ganization with  which  it  is  essential  con- 
[104] 


THE  PSYCHIATRIC  CLINIC 

stant  sympathetic  contact  should  be  main- 
tained. Only  by  the  establishment  of 
such  relationships  can  progress  in  the 
study  of  life  processes  be  made. 

May  we  express  the  hope  that  in  at- 
tempting to  estimate  the  value  of  the  work 
accomplished  in  this  clinic  the  public  ex- 
pression of  opinion  should  be  tempered 
by  charity  and  patience?  Although  the 
field  of  investigation,  which  includes  the 
consideration  of  the  factors  determining 
human  thought  and  conduct,  is  the  most 
interesting  one  in  modern  medicine,  let  us 
not  forget  that  it  is  the  last  one  to  be 
thrown  open  to  investigators. 

The  methods  of  investigation  necessa- 
rily employed  will  not  appeal  to  the  imag- 
ination of  the  public.  The  inspiration  nec- 
essary to  solve  the  problems  of  modern 
[105] 


EDUCATION  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE 

psychiatry  will  probably  not  flash  into 
consciousness  as  did  the  visions  that 
guided  the  observer  watching  the  lamps 
swing  in  the  cathedral  or  the  apple  fall 
from  the  tree,  but  it  will  come  gradually 
only  after  patient  quiet  effort,  similar  to 
that  which  finally  rewarded  the  author  of 
"The  Origin  of  Species,"  and  gave  a  new 
meaning  to  life.  The  realization  of  the 
ideals  to  which  we  do  homage  to-day  will 
mark  the  time  when,  in  Goethe's  words, 

"Reason  begins  again  to  speak. 
And  hope  again  to  blossom." 


Paul  B.  Hoeber,  67-71  E.  59th  St.,  New  Yoek 


HOEBER'S 
MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS 


MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS 

Published  by 

PAUL  B.  HOEBER 

67'69'7i  East  59th  St.,  New  York 

This  catalogue  comprises  only  our  own  publications.  It  will 
be  noticed  that  particular  care  has  been  exercised  in  the  seleC' 
tion  of  Monographs  of  timely  interest. 

We  are  always  glad  to  consider  the  publication  of  new  and 
original  medical  works.  Correspondence  with  authors  is  in- 
vited. 

Ozving  to  the  constant  changes  in  manufacturing  costs,  prices 
in  this  catalogue  are  subject  to  change  without  notice. 

ADAM:    Asthma   and   Its    Radical    Treatment.     By  James 
Adam,  m.a.,  m.d.,  f.r.c.p.s.    Hamilton.    Dispensary  Aural  Sur- 
geon, Glasgow  Royal  Infirmary. 
8vo.     Qoth,  viii+184  pages,   Illust net  $1.75 

ADLER:    Compendium  of  Histo-Pathological  Technic.     By 
Emma  H.  Adler.     Formerly  Technician  Pathological  Labora- 
tory, Presbyterian  Hospital,  New  York. 
12mo.    Cloth  net  $1.25 

ADLER:    Primary  Malignant   Growths  of  the  Lungs  and 
Bronchi.      By  L  Adler,  a.m.,  m.d.,  Prof.  Emeritus  New  York 
Polyclinic,    Consulting    Physician,    German,    Beth-Israel,    Har 
Moriah,  People's  and  Montefiore  Hospitals. 
8vo.    Cloth,  xii+325  Pgs.    16  Halftone  PI.,  1  Colored. ncf  $2.50 

AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  ROENTGENOLOGY,  THE. 
Official  Organ  of  the  American  Roentgen  Ray  Society.   Edited 
by  H.  M.  Imboden,  m.d.,  New  York. 
Published  monthly.    Vol.  VI,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1919. .  .$6.00  per  year. 

ANATOMICAL  CHARTS.     {See  BLAINE.) 

ANNALS  OF  MEDICAL  HISTORY.  Edited  by  Francis 
R.  Packard,  m.d.  Associate  Editors :  Drs.  Harvey  Gushing, 
George  Dock,  Fielding  H.  Garrison,  Howard  A.  Kelly,  Sir 
William  Osier,  William  Pepper,  Lewis  S.  Pilcher,  David  Ries- 
man,  Charles  Singer  and  Edward  C.  Streeter. 
Volume  I  (1917-1918)  441  pages,  well  indexed,  in  parts  as 
published,  $6.00;  Bound  in  cloth,  net  $8.50;  Bound  in  Half  Mo- 
rocco, net  $10.00;  Bound  in  Morocco,  net  $12.00.  Volume  II 
(in  course  of  publication)  $6.00. 
Subscription,  per  year    $6.00 

ARMSTRONG:  I.  K.  Therapy,  with  Special  Reference  to 
TubercxUosis.  By  W.  E.  M,  Armstrong,  m.a.,  m.d.,  Dublin. 
Bacteriologist  to  Cent,  Lond.   Ophthalmic  Hosp.,  Late  Asst. 


a  HOEBER'S  MEDICAL  MOKjOGRAPHS 

in  Inoculation  Dept.,  St.  Mary's  Hosp.,  Paddington,  W. 
8vo.    Cloth,  x+93  pages,  Illust net  $1.50 

BACH:    Ultra- Violet  Light  by  Means  of  the  Alpine   Sun 
Lamp.     By  Hugo  Bach,  m.d.,  Bad  Elster,  Germany.    Author- 
ized Transl.   from  German. 
12mo.     Cloth,  114  pages,  Illust net  $1.00 

BARRINGER,  JANE  WAY  AND  FAILLA:  Radium  Ther- 
apy in  Cancer  at  the  Memorial  Hospital.  (See  Janeway, 
Barringer  and  Failla.) 

BIGG:     Indigestion,  Constipation  and  Liver  Disorder.     By 
G.  Sherman  Bigg,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons; 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Public  Health;  Late  Surgeon 
Captain,  Army  Medical  Staff;  Surgeon  Allahabad,  India, 
12  mo.    Cloth,  viii-j-168  pages net  $1.50 

BLAINE:  Anatomical  Charts,  especially  arranged  by  Ed- 
ward S.  Blaine,  m.d.,  for  the  graphic  recording  of  roentgen 
or  surgical  findings.  These  show  (a)  complete  skeleton,  dorsal, 
ventral  and  left  and  right  side  views — also  with  outline  of 
internal  organs  in  color,  if  desired;  (b)  skeleton  of  head, 
dorsal,  ventral,  left  and  right  side,  and  top  views,  enlarged; 
(c)  Torso,  dorsal,  ventral,  left  and  right  side  views,  enlarged — 
also  with  outline  of  internal  organs  in  color;  (d)  upper  ex- 
tremities, enlarged  view;  (e)  lower  extremities,  enlarged 
view.  These  charts  will  be  made  up  to  meet  the  individual 
needs  of  the  specialist  or  general  practitioner. 

BLAND-SUTTON:  Tumours:  Innocent  and  Malignant. 
Their  Qinical  Characters  and  Appropriate  Treatment.  By 
Sir  John  Bland-Sutton,  ll.d.,  f.r.c.s..  Surgeon  to,  and  Chair- 
man of  the  Cancer  Investigation  Committee  of  the  Middlesex 
Hospital,  Sixth  edition. 
8vo.    Cloth,  ix+790  pages,  with  338  Illust net  $7.50 

BRAUN  AND  FRIESNER:  CerebeUar  Abscess:  Its  Eti- 
ology, Pathology,  Diagnosis  &  Treatment.  (See  Friesner  & 
Braun.) 

BROCKBANK:  The  Diagnosis  and  Treatment  of  Heart 
Disease.  Practical  Points  for  Students  and  Practitioners. 
By  E,  M.  Brockbank,  m.d.,  (Vict.),  f.r.c.p.,  Hon.  Phys.  Royal 
Infirmary,  Manchester,  Gin.  Lecturer  Diseases  of  the  Heart, 
Dean  of  Clin.  Instruction,  University  of  Manchester. 
12mo.     Cloth,  3d  Edition,  148  pages,  Illust net  $2.00 

BRUCE:  Lectures  on  Tuberculosis  to  Nurses.  Based  on 
a  course  delivered  to  the  Queen  Victoria  Jubilee  Nurses.  By 
Oliver  Bruce,  Joint  Tuberculosis  Officer,  County  of  Essex. 
12  mo.     Cloth,  124  pages,  Illust net  $1.00 

BRUNTON:    Therapeutics  of  the  Circulation.    By  Sir  Lau- 
der Brunton,  m.d.,  d.sc,  LL.D.  Edin.,  ll.d.,  Aberd.,  f.r.c.p.,  f.r.s. 
Consulting  Physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.    Second 
Edition,  Entirely  Revised. 
Qoth,  xxiv-{-536  pages,  110  Illust net  $2.50 


HOEBEKS  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS  3 

BULKLEY:    Cancer:     Its   Cause  and  Treatment,   Volume 
I.     By  L.  Duncan  Bulkley. 
8vo.     Qoth,  272  pages net  $1.50 

BULKLEY:    Cancer:  Its  Cause  and  Treatment,  Volume  II. 
By  L.  Duncan  Bulklev. 
8vo.     Cloth,  272  pages net  $1.50 

BULKLEY:  Compendium  of  Diseases  of  the  Skin.  Based 
on  an  analysis  of  thirty  thousand  consecutive  cases.  With 
a  Therapeutic  Formulary,  by  L.  Duncan  Bxh-kley,  a.m.,  m.d. 
Physician  to  the  New  York  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital;  Con- 
sulting Physician  to  the  New  York  Hospital. 
8vo.     Cloth,  xviii+286  pages net  $2.00 

BULKLEY:    Diet  and   Hygiene  in  Diseases   of  the  Skin. 
By  L.  Duncan  Bulkley. 
8vo.     Cloth,  xvi+194  pages ...net  $2.00 

BULLETIN:    See    Neurological  Bulletin. 

CARLETON:  The  Seriousness  of  Venereal  Disease.  By 
Sprague  Carleton,  M.D.,  F.A.C.S.,  Special  Publication.  Second 
Edition. 

12mo.    67  pages,  26  Illust.     Boards net  75c 

Flexible  cloth  net  50c 

CARREL  AND  DEHELLY:  The  Treatment  of  Infected 
Wounds.  By  A.  Carrel  and  G.  Dehelly.  Authorized  Trans- 
lation from  the  French  by  Herbert  Child,  M.  d..  Formerly  Sur- 
geon, French  Red  Cross,  Capt.  r.a.m.c.  (Ty.)  with  an  Intro- 
duction by  Sir  Anthony  A.  Bowlby,  F.R.C.S.,  Temporary  Sur- 
geon General,  Army  Medical  Service.  Adopted  by  U.  S. 
Army.  Second  Edition. 
12mo.     Qoth,  265  pages,  114  Illust net  $2.50 

CARREL  AND  DUMAS:  Technic  of  the  Irrigation  Treat- 
ment of  Woimds  by  the  Carrel  Method.  By  J.  Dumas,  and 
Anne  Carrel.  Authorized  translation  by  Adrian  V.  S.  Lam- 
bert, M.D.,  Acting  Professor  of  Surgery,  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  (Columbia  University),  New  York  City.  In- 
troduction by  W.  W.  Keen,  m.d.,  ll.d.,  f.r.cs.  (Hon.) 
12mo.     Qoth,  90  pages,  11  pi net  $1.25 

CAUTLEY:    The   Diseases   of   Infants   and   Children.     By 
Edmund  Cautley,  m.d.,  Cantab.,  f.r.c.p.,  Lond.  Senior  Physi- 
cian to  the  Belgrave  Hospital  for  Children,  etc 
Large  8vo.     Cloth,    1042  pages net   $8.00 

CHARAKA:    Proceedings  of  the  Charaka  Club.    Vols.  Ill, 
IV,  V.    Vol.  V  containing  twelve  selections  relating  to  ancient, 
medieval  and  modern  phases  of  medicine  and  surgery. 
Bvo.     Boards,  101  pages,  16  Illust.,  per  volume   net  $4.00 

COLLINS:    Neurological  Clinics.    Exercises  in  the  Diagno- 
sis of  Mental  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System  as  discussed  at 
the  Neurological  Institute,  New  York  City.    Edited  by  Joseph 
Collins,  M.D. 
Bvo.     Cloth.     About  240  pages,  with  Illust net  $3.00 


4  HOEBEKS  MEDICAL  MOHOGRAPHS 

CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  MEDICAL  AND  BIOLOGICAL 
RESEARCH:  Dedicated  to  Sir  William  Osler,  in  honor  of 
his  seventieth  birthday,  July  12,  1919,  by  his  pupils  and  co- 
workers. Special  publication  under  the  auspices  of  the  Osier 
•Anniversary  Volume  Committee. 

Two  volumes;  1300  pages,  125  Illust,  including  one  steel  en- 
graving of  Sir  William  Osier,  and  5  colored  pi.  Sold  only  by 
subscription. 

COOKE:  The  Position  of  the  X-Rays  in  the  Diagnosis  and 
Prognosis  of  Pulmonary  Tuberculosis.     By  W.   K   Cooke, 

M.B.,   M.R.C.P.E.,   D.P.H.    (Lond.). 

8vo.    Cloth,  Illust net  $1.75 

COOPER:      Pathological    Inebriety.      Its    Causation    and 
Treatment.    By  J.  W.  Astley  Cooper.    Medical  Superintend- 
ent and  Licensee  of  Ghyllwood  Sanatorium.     With  Introduc- 
tion by  Sir  David  Ferrier,  m.d.,  f.r.s, 
12mo.     Cloth,  xvi+151  pages net  $1.75 

COOPER:    The    Sexual    Disabilities    of    Man,    and    Their 
Treatment.    By  Arthur  Cooper.    Consulting  Surgeon  to  the 
Westminster  General  Dispensary,  London.    3rd  Edition. 
12mo.     Cloth,  viii-f 227  pages net  $2.50 

COPESTAKE:  The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Massage.  By 
Beatrice  M.  Goodall-Copestake,  Examiner  to  the  Incorpor- 
ated Society  of  Trained  Masseuses ;  Teacher  of  Massage  and 
Swedish  Remedial  Exercises  to  the  Nursing  Staff  of  the  Lon- 
don Hospital. 
8vo.    Cloth,  284  pages,  Illust net  $3.00 

CORBETT-SMITH:  The  Problem  of  the  Nations.  A  Study 
in  the  Causes,  Symptoms  and  Effects  of  Sexual  Disease,  and 
the  Education  of  the  Individual  Therein.  By  A.  Corbett- 
Smith,  Editor  of  The  Journal  of  State  Medicine;  Lecturer 
in  Public  Health  Law  at  the  Royal  Institute  of  Public  Health. 
Large  8vo.    Cloth,  xii-}-107  pages net  $1.00 

CORNET:    Acute  General  Miliary  Tuberculosis.     By    Prof. 
Dr.  G.  Cornet,  Berlin.    Transl.  by  F.  S.  Tinker,  b.a.,  m.b. 
8vo.     Cloth,  viii4-107  pages net  $1.75 

CROOKSHANK:    Flatulence  and  Shock.    By  F.  G.  Crook- 
shank,  M.D.,  Lond.,  M.R.C.P.    Physician  (Out  Patients)  Hamp- 
stead  General  and  N.  W.  Lond.  Hospital. 
8vo.    Cloth,  iv+47  pages net  $1.00 

DAVIDSON:    Localization    by    X-Rays    and    Stereoscopy. 
By  Sir  James  Mackenzie  Davidson,  m.b.,  cm.,  Aberd.    Con- 
sulting   Medical    Officer,    Roentgen    Ray    Department,    Royal 
London  Ophthalmic  Hospital. 
8vo.    Cloth,  72  pages,  PI.  and  58  Stereo.    Figures net  $3.00 

DAWSON:    The  Causation  of  Sex  in  Man. By   E.    Rumley 
Dawson,  l.r.c.p.  Lond.,  m.r.c.s.  England. 
8vo.    Cloth,  240  pages,  with  21  Illust »^*  $3.00 


HOEBER'S  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS  5 

DUMAS  AND  CARREL:  Technic  of  the  Irrigation  Treat- 
ment of  Wounds  by  the  Carrel  Method.  (See  Carrel  .and 
Dumas.) 

ED  RIDGE-GREEN:    The  Hunterian  Lectures  on  Colour- 
Vision  and  Colour  Blindness.    Delivered  before  the  Royal 
College  of   Surgeons  of   England   on  February  1st  and  3rd, 
1911.    By  Professor  F.  W.  Edridge-Green,  m.d.,  f.r.c.s. 
8vo.     Qoth,  x+76  pages net  $1.75 

EHRLICH:  Experimental  Researches  on  Specific  Thera- 
peutics. By  Prof.  Paul  Ehrlich,  m.d.,  d.sc.  Oxon.  The 
Harben  Lectures  for  1907  of  Royal  Institute  of  Public  Health. 
16mo.     Cloth,  x+95  pages net  $1.00 

EINHORN:     Lectures  on  Dietetics.    By  Max  Einhorn,  Pro- 
fessor   of    Medicine    at    N.    Y.    Post-Graduate    Med.    School 
and  Hospital,  Visit.  Phys.  German  Hospital,  N.  Y. 
12mo.     Cloth,  xvi+156  pages net  $125 

ELLIOT:    Glaucoma.     By  Col.  Robert  Henry  Elliot,  m.d., 

F  R-C  S 

8vo.    Cloth,  60  pages,  with  23  Illust net  $1.50 

ELLIOT:    Glaucoma.    A  Text  Book  for  the  Student  of  Oph- 
thalmology.   By  Col.  Robert  Henry  Elliot,  m.d.,  f.r.c.s. 
8vo.     Cloth,  546  pages,  156  Illust net  $7.50 

ELLIOT:  The  Indian  Operation  of  Couching  for  Cata- 
ract. Incorporating  the  Hunterian  Lectures  delivered  before 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England  on  February  19 
and  21,  1917.  By  Robert  Henry  Elliot,  m.d.,  b.s.,  Lond., 
sc.D.,  Edin.,  F.R.C.S.,  Eng.,  etc. 
8vo.     Cloth,  94  pages,  45  Illust net  $3.50 

ELLIOT:    Sclero-Comeal     Trephining    in    the     Operative 
Treatment  of  Glaucoma.     By   Robert  Henry   Elliot,   m.d., 
B.s.   Lond.,  D.sc.  Edin.,  f.r.c.s.  Eng.   Lieut.   Colonel  i.M.s.  2d 
Edition. 
8vo.    Cloth,  135  pages,  33  Illust net  $3.00 

EMERY:    Immunity  and  Specific  Therapy.    By  Wm.  D'Este 
Emery,   m.d.,  b.sc.   Lond.   Clinical  Pathologist  to  King's  Col- 
lege   Hospital    and    Pathologist   to    the    Children's    Hospital. 
Adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Army. 
8vo.    Cloth,  448  pages,  with  2  Illust net  $3.50 

EMERY:    Tumors,  Their  Nature  and  Causation.     By  Wm. 
D'Este  Emery,  m.d.,  b.sc,  Lond.     Director  of  Laboratories, 
King's  College  Hospital,  Captain  r.a.m.c   (T.  F.). 
12mo.    Cloth,  146  pages net  $1.75 

FAILLA,  JANEWAY  AND  BARRINGER:  Radium  Ther- 
apy in  Cancer  at  the  Memorial  Hospital.  (See  Janeway, 
Barringer  and  Failla.) 

FISHBERG:    The  Internal  Secretions.    (See  Gley.) 


6  HOEBER'S  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS 

FRIESNER  AND  BRAUN:  CerebeUar  Abscess;  Its  Eti- 
ology, Pathology,  Diagnosis  and  Treatment.  By  Isidore  Fries- 
NER,  M.D.,  F.A.C.S.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Otology  and  Assistant 
Aural  Surgeon,  Manhattan  Eye,  Elar  and  Throat  Hospital  and 
Post-Graduate  Medical  School,  and  Alfred  Braun,  m.d.,  f.a.c.s., 
Assistant  Aural  Surgeon,  Manhattan  Eye,  Elar  and  Throat 
Hospital,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Laryngology,  New  York  Poly- 
clinic Hospital  and  Medical  School  and  Adjunct  Otologist,  Mt. 
Sinai  Hospital. 
8vo.    Qoth,  186  pages,  10  pi.,  16  Illust net  $3.00 

GERSTER:    Recollections   of  a   New  York  Surgeon.     By 

Arpad  G.  Gerster,  m.d. 

8vo.     Qoth,  347  pages,  18  Illust net  $3.50 

GHON:    The  Primary  Lung  Focus  of  Tuberculosis  in  Chil- 
dren.    By    Anton    Ghon,    m.d.,    English    Translation    by    D. 
Barty  King,  m.a.,  m.d.  Edin.,  m.c.r.p. 
Large  Svo.    Cloth,  196  pages,  72  Illust.,  2  pi net  $3.75 

GILES :    Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  the  Female  Generative 
Organs  and  of  Pregnancy.      By    yARTHUR    E.    Gn>ES,    m.d., 
B.sc.   Lond.,    M.R.C.P.   Lond. ;   f.r.c.s.    Ed.   Gjmecologist  to   the 
Prince  of  Wales  General  Hospital. 
Large  8vo.    24  pages,  with  Mannikin net  $2.00 

GLEY:    The  Internal  Secretions.    By  E.  Gley,  m.d.     Mem- 
ber   of    the    Academy    of    Medicine    of    Pairis,    Professor    of 
Physiology  in  the  College  of  France,  etc.     Authorized  Trans- 
lation.    Translated  and  Edited  by  Maurice  Fishberg,  m.d. 
Svo.    Cloth  241  pages net  $2.50 

GREEFF:  Guide  to  the  Microscopic  Examination  of  the 
Eye.  By  Professor  R.  Greeff.  Director  of  the  University 
Ophthalmic  Clinique  in  the  Royal  Charity  Hospital,  Berlin. 
With  the  co-operation  of  Professor  Stock  and  Professor  Win- 
tersteiner.  Translated  from  the  third  German  Edition  by 
Hugh  Walker,  m.d.,  m.b.,  cm. 
Large  Svo.     Goth,  86  pages,  lUusL net  $2.00 

GREEN,  EDRIDGE-:    The  Hunterian  Lectures  on  Colour 
Vision  and  Colour  Blindness.      (See  Edridge-Green.) 

HARRIS:     Lectures  on  Medical  Electricity  to  Nurses.     An 
Illustrated  Manual  by  J.  Delpratt  Harris,  m.d.,  m.r.c.s. 
12mo.     Cloth,  88  pages,  Illust net  $1.00 

HELLMAN:    Amnesia  and  Analgesia  in  Parturition — Twi- 
light Sleep.    By  Alfred  M.  Hellman,  b.a.,  m.d.,  f.a.c.s. 
Svo.     Qoth,  with  charts,  200  pages net  $1.50 

HEW  ATT:    The    Examination    of   the    Urine,    and    Other 
Qinical  Side  Room  Methods.     By  Andrew  Fergus  Hewatt, 

M.B.,  CH.B.,   M.R,C.P.   Edin. 

16mo.    5th  Edition,  numerous  Illust net  $1.00 


HOEBER'S  MEDICAL  MOHOGRAPHS  7 

HOFMANN-GARSON:      Remedial    Gymnastics   for    Heart 

Affections.  Used  at  Bad-Nauheim.  Being  a  Translation 
of  "Die  Gymnastik  der  Herzleidenden"  von  Dr.  Med.  Julius 
Hofmann  und  Dr.  Med.  Ludwig  Pohlman.  Berlin  and  Bad- 
Nauheim.  By  John  George  Garson,  m.d.  Edin.,  etc.  Physi- 
cian to  the  Sanatoria  and  Bad-Nauheim,  Eversley,  Hants. 
Large  8vo.     Qoth,  144  pages,  51   full-page  lUust net  $2.50 

HOWARD:    The    Therapeutic    Value    of   the    Potato.      By 
Heaton  C.  Howard,  l.r.c.p.  Lond.,  m.r.c.s.  Eng. 
8vo.    Paper,  vi-}-31  pages,  lUust net  SOc 

JANE  WAY,  BARRINGER  AND  FAILLA:  Radium  Ther- 
apy  in  Cancer  at  the  Memorial  Hospital,  Report  of  1915- 
1916.  By  Henry  H.  Janeway,  m.d.,  with  the  Discussion  of  the 
Treatment  of  Cancer  of  the  Prostate  and  Bladder  by  Ben- 
jamin S.  Barringer,  m.d.,  and  an  Introduction  upon  the  Physics 
of  Radium  by  G.  Failla. 
8vo.    Cloth,  242  pages,  16  lUust net  $2.25 

JELLETT:  A  Short  Practice  of  Midwifery  for  Nurses. 
Embodying  the  treatment  adopted  in  the  Rotunda  Hospital, 
Dublin.  By  Henry  Jellett,  b.a.,  m.d.  (Dublin  University), 
F.R.C.P.I.,  Master  Rotunda  Hospital.  With  Six  Plates  and  169 
Illustrations  in  the  Text,  also  an  Appendix,  a  Glossary  of 
Medical  Terms,  and  the  Regulations  of  the  Central  Midwives 
Board. 
12mo.     Cloth,  xvi-1-508  pages net  $2.50 

JONES:    Notes  on  Military  Orthopaedics.      By   Col.    Robert 
Jones,  c.b..  Inspector  of  Military  Orthopaedics,  Army  Medical 
Service. 
8vo.     Cloth,  132  pages,  95  lUust net  $1.75 

KENWOOD:    Public  Health  Laboratory  Work.    By  Henry 
R.  Kenwood,  m.b.,  f.r.s.  Edin.,  p.p.h.,  f.c.s.,  Chadwick  Profes- 
sor of  Hygiene  and  Public  Health,  University  of  London.    6th 
Edition. 
8vo.    Cloth,  418  pages,  Illust net  $4.00 

KERLEY:     What  Every  Mother  Should  Know  About  Her 
Infants  and  Yoimg  Children.    By  Charles  Gh-more  Kerley, 
M.D.    Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children,  N.  Y.  Polyclinic  Med- 
ical School  and  Hospital. 
8vo.    Paper,  107  pages net  35c 

KETTLE:    The  Pathology  of  Tumors.      By   E.    H.    Kettle, 
M.D.,  B.S.,  Assistant  Pathologist,  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  and  As- 
sistant Lecturer  on   Pathology-,  St.  Mary's  Hospital. 
8vo.    Qoth,  242  pages,  126  Illust net  $3.00 

LAMBERT:  A  Terminology  of  Disease.  To  facilitate  the 
Classification  of  Histories  in  Hospitals.  By  Adrian  V.  G. 
Lambert,  m.d..  Associate  Professor  of  Surgery,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity; EWrector  Surgical  Research  Service,  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital, N.  Y. 
12mo.    Ooth,  176  pages net  $225 


8  HOEBER'S  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS 

LEWERS:  A  Practical  Textbook  of  the  Diseases  of 
Women.  By  Arthur  H.  N.  Lewers,  m.d.  Lend.  Senior 
Obstetric  Physician,  London  Hospital. 

With  258  Illustrations,  13  Colored  Plates,  5  Plates  in  Black 
and  White.     7th  Edition. 
8vo.    Cloth,  xii+540  pages net  $4.00 

LEWIS:  Clinical  Disorders  of  the  Heart  Beat  A  Hand- 
book for  Practitioners  and  Students.  By  Thomas  Lewis, 
M.D.,  D.sc,  F.R.C.P.  Assistant  Physician  and  Lecturer  in  Car- 
diac Pathology,  University  College  Hospital  Medical  School. 
4th  Edition, 
8vo.    Cloth,  120  pages,  54  Illust net  $2.50 

LEWIS:     Lectures  on  the   Heart.     Comprising  the   Herter 
Lectures    (Baltimore),  a  Harvey   Lecture    (New   York),  and 
an  Address  to  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  at  McGill  University 
(Montreal).    By  Thomas  Lewis. 
124  pages,  with  83  Illust net  $2.50 

LEWIS:  Clinical  Electrocardiography.  By  Thomas  Lewis. 
8vo.     Qoth,  2nd  Edition,   120  pages,   with  charts net  $2.50 

LEWIS:    The  Mechanism  of  the  Heart  Beat.    With  Special 
Reference  to  Its  Qinical  Pathology.     By  Thomas  Lewis. 
Large  8vo.    Qoth,  295  pages,  227  Illust.    New  Edition  in  prep- 
aration. 

LEWIS:    The  Soldier's  Heart  and  the  Effort  Syndrome.  By 
Thomas  Lewis. 
8vo.     Cloth,  156  pages net  $2.50 

McCLURE:    A  Handbook  of  Fevers.    By  J.  Campbell  Mc- 
Clure,  M.D.,  Glasgow.    Physician  to  Out-Patients,  The  French 
Hospital,  and  Physician  to  the  Margaret  Street  Hospital  for 
Consumption  and  Diseases  of  the  Chest,  London. 
8vo.     Cloth,  470  pages,  with  charts net  $3.50 

McCRUDDEN:     The   Chemistry,    Physiology   and    Pathol- 
ogy of  Uric  Acid,  and  the  Physiologically  Important  Pxirin 
Bodies.    With  a  Discussion  of  the  Metabolism  in  Gout.    By 
Francis  H.  McCrudden. 
12mo.     Paper,   318  pages net  $2.00 

McKISACK:    Systematic  Case  Taking.     A  Practical  Guide 
to  the   Examination   and    Recording   of   Medical    Cases.     By 
Henry  Lawrence  McKisack,  m.d.,  m.r.c.p.  Lond. 
12mo.     Cloth,  166  pages  net  $1.75 

MACKENZIE:    Symptoms   and   Their   Interpretation.      By 

James  Mackenzie,  m.d.,  ll.d.  Aber.  and  Edin.    Third  Edition. 

8vo.     Cloth,    Illust.   xxii+318  pages net  $4.00 

MACKENZIE:    The  Action  of  Muscles.  By  William  Cot-in 
Mackenzie,  m.d.,  f.r.c.s.,  f.r.s.  (Edin.) 
8vo.    Qoth,  267  pages,  99  Illust.    New  Edition  in  preparation. 


HOEBEKS  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS  9 

MACMICH AEL :  The  Gold-Headed  Cane.  By  William 
Macmichael.  Reprinted  from  the  2nd  Exlition.  With  a  Pref- 
ace by  Sir  William  Osier  and  an  Introduction  by  Dr.  Fran- 
cis R.  Packard.  Printed  from  large  Scotch  type  on  a  special 
heavy-weight  paper,  5%  by  7^  inches,  bound  in  blue  Italian 
handmade  paper,  with  parchment  back,  g^lt  top,  square  back, 
and  gold  stamping  on  back  and  side net  $3.00 

MAGILL:    Notes  on  Galvanism  and  Faradism.    By  E.  M. 
Magill,  M.B.,  B.s.  Lond.,  r.c.s.i.     (Hons.)  2nd  Edition. 
12mo.     Cloth,  xvi-f 224  pages,  67  Illust net  $2.00 

MANUAL:     See  United  States  Army  X-Ray  Manual. 

MARTINDALE     and     WESTCOTT:     ."Salvarsan"     "606" 
Dioxy-Diamino-Arsenobenzol),    Its    Chemistry,    Pharmacy 
and  Therapeutics.     By  W.  Harrison  Martindale,  ph.d.  Mar- 
burg, F.C.S.,  and  W.  Wynn  Wescott,  m.b. 
8vo.     Cloth,  xvi+76  pages net  $1.50 

MINETT:     Diagnosis  of  Bacteria  and  Blood  Parasites.     By 

E.  P.   MiNETT,    M.D.,   D.P.H.,   D.T.M.   and    H.,    M.R.C.S.,   L.R.C.P. 

12mo.     Cloth,  viii+80  pages net  $1.00 

MITCHELL:  Memoranda  on  Army  General  Hospital  Ad- 
ministration. By  Various  Authors.  Edited  by  Peter  Mit- 
chell, M.D.  Aberd.,  Lieut.-Colonel  r.a.m.c.  (T.  F.),  Officer 
Commanding  No.  43  General  Hospital. 

8vo.     Qoth,  v-l-109  pages,  Illust.  with  vii  pi net  $2.25 

MOTT:     Nature  and  Nurture  in  Mental  Development.     By 

F.  W.  MoTT,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.C.P.     Pathologist  to  the  London 
County  Asylums. 

12mo.     Qoth,  151  pages,  with  diagrams net  $1.75 

MUNSON:  Hygiene  of  Communicable  Diseases.  By  Lieut. 
Francis  M.  Munson,  U.  S.  N.,  Retired.  Lecturer  on  Hygiene 
and  Instructor  in  Military  Surgery,  School  of  Medicine, 
Georgetown  University ;  Late  Brigade  Surgeon,  2d  Provisional 
Brigade,  U.  S.  Marines.  Published  with  the  approval  of  the 
Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  of  the  Navy  Department,  and' 
by  permission  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

12mo.     Flexible  cloth,  800  pages,  Illust In  Press 

MURRELL :  What  to  Do  in  Cases  of  Poisoning.  By  Wil- 
liam Murrell,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.  Senior  Physician  to  the  West- 
minster Hospital.     11th  Edition. 

16mo.     Cloth,  283  pages ttet  $1.00 

NEUROLOGICAL  BULLETIN.  Clinical  Studies  of  Nerv- 
ous and  Mental  Diseases  in  the  Neurological  Department  of 
Columbia  University.  Edited  by  Frederick  Tilney,  m.d.,  ph.d.  ; 
Associate  Editor,  Louis  Casamajor,  m.d.  ;  Editorial  Board ;  S. 
P.  Goodhart,  m.d.,  F.  M.  Hallock,  m.d.,  Randal  Hoyt,  m.d.,  C. 
A.  McKendree,  m.d.,  Michael  Osnato.  m.d.,  Oliver  S.  Strong, 
PH.D.,  I.  S.  Wechsler,  m.d.  Published  monthly. 
Vol.  I,  1918,  $3.00;  Vol.  II,  1919.    Yearly  subscription  net  $5.00 


lo  HOEBER'S  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS 

OLIVER:  Lead  Poisoning:  From  the  Industrial,  Medical 
and  Social  Point  of  View.  Lectures  Delivered  at  Royal  In- 
stitute of  Public  Health.    By  Sir  Thomas  Oliver,  m.a.,  m.d., 

F.R.C.P. 

12mo.     Cloth,  294  pages net  $2.25 

OLIVER:    Studies   in    Blood   Pressure,    Physiological   and 
Clinical.     By  George  Oliver,  m.d.,  Lond.,  f.r.c.p.     Edited  by 
W.  A.  HalHburton,  m.d.,  f.r.s. 
8vo.    Cloth,  xxiv,  240  pages,  Illust net  $3.00 

OSLER:  Two  Essays.  By  Sir  William  Osler,  m.d.,  Regius 
Professor  of  Medicine  at  Oxford. 

Vol  1.     A  Way  of  Life.     An  Address  to  Yale  Students, 
Sunday  Evening,  April  20th,  1913. 

16mo.     Cloth,  61  pages net  75c 

Vol.  2.    Man's  Redemption  of  Man.    A  Lay  Sermon,  Mc- 
Ewan  Hall,  Edinburgh,  Sunday,  July  2d,  1910. 
16mo.     Cloth,  63  pages net  75c 

OSLER  ANNIVERSARY  VOLUME:  See  Contributions 
to  Medical  and  Biological  Research. 

OSNATO:  Aphasia  and  Associated  Speech  Problems.  By 
Michael  Osnato,  m.d.,  Associate  in  Neurology,  Columbia 
University;  Consulting  Physician  Manhattan  State  Hospital 
and  Central  Islip  State  Hospital ;  Assistant  Chief  of  Clinic, 
Vanderbilt  Clinic,  Department  of  Neurology. 
12mo.     Cloth,  200  pages,  Illust net  $2.50 

OTT:    Fever,  Its  Thermotaxis  and  Metabolism.       By   Isaac 
Ott,  a.m.,  m.b. 
12mo.    Cloth,  168  pages,  Illust net  $1.50 

OWEN:  The  Legislative  and  Administrative  History  of 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  United  States  Army  Dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  Period  (1776-86).  By  Col.  William 
O.  Owen,  U.  S.  A.,  Curator  Army  Medical  Museum,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
12mo.     Qoth,  226  pages,  Illust 

PAGET:    For  and  Against  Experiments  on  Animals.     Evi- 
dence   before    the    Royal    Commission    of    Vivisection.      By 
Stephen  Paget,  f.r.c.s.     With  an  Introduction  by  The  Right 
Hon.  The  Earl  of  Oromer. 
8vo.    Cloth,  xii+344  pages,  Illust net  $1.75 

PATON:    Education  in  War  and  Peace.  By  Stewart  Paton, 
M.D.,  Lecturer  in  Neurobiology,  Princeton  University,  Lecturer 
Psychiatry,  Columbia  University. 
12mo.     Boards,    125   pages In  Press 

PEGLER:  Map  Scheme  of  the  Sensory  Distribution  of 
the  Fifth  Nerve  (Trigeminus)  with  Its  Ganglia  and  Con- 
nections. By  L.  Hemington  Pegler,  m.d.,  m.r.c.s.  Senior 
Surgeon,  Metropolitan  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat  Hospital,  etc. 
Folded  in  Cloth  Binder net  $10.00 


HOEBEKS  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS  ii 

PICKERILL:     The  Prevention  of  Dental  Caries  and  Oral 
Sepsis.    By  H.  P.  Pickerill,  m.d.,  ch.b.m.d.s.,  l.d.s.,  Professor 
of  Dentistry  and  Director  of  the  Dental  School  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Otago.     Second  Edition,  1919. 
8vo.     Qoth,  xvi+374  pages,  Illust net  $5.00 

RA WIPING:    Landmarks  and  Surface  Markings  of  the  Hu- 
man Body.     By  L.   Bathe  Rawling,   m.b.,  b^c,  f.r.c.s.     5th 
Edition. 
8vo.     Qoth,  31  pi.,  xii+96  pages  of  text net  $2.50 

RITCHIE:  Auricular  Flutter.  By  William  Thomas  Ritchie, 
M.D.,  F.R.C.P.E.,  F.R.s.E.  Physician  to  the  Royal  Infirmary. 
Large  8vo.     Qoth,  156  pages,  21  pi.  107  Illust net  $3.50 

ROCKWELL:     Rambling  Recollections.    An  autobiography 
by  A.  D.  Rockwell,  m.d. 
8vo.     Cloth,  332  pages,  7  Illust net  $4.00 

RUTHERFORD:    The  neo-Caecal  Valve.      By  A.   H.   Ru- 
therford,  M.D.   Edin. 
8vo.    Cloth,  63  pages  of  text,  23  full  page  pi.  3  colored  net  $2.50 

SAALFELD:  Lectures  on  Cosmetic  Treatment.  A  Manual 
for  Practitioners.  By  Dr.  Edmund  Saalfeld  of  Berlin. 
Translated  by  J.  F.  Dally,  m.a.,  m.d.,  b.c.  Cantab.,  m.r.c.p. 
Lond.     With  an   Introduction  and  Notes  by  P.   S.  Abraham, 

M.A.,    M.D.,    B.SC,    F.R.CS.I. 

12mo.    Cloth,  xii4-186  pages,  Illust net  $1.75 

SCHOOL  OF  SALERNUM,  THE.  Including  Regimen  Sani- 
tatis  Salemitatum,  and  Sir  John  Harrington's  English  Ver- 
sion, with  an  Introduction  by  Francis  R.  Packard,  m.d.,  and 
a  Note  on  the  Prehistory  of  the  Regimen  Sanitatis  by  Field- 
ing H.  Garrison,  m.d. 

Illust In  Press. 

SCOTT:    Modem   Medicine  and   Some   Modem   Remedies. 
By   Thomas    Bodley    Scott,    with    a    Preface   by    Sir    Lauder 
Brunton.    2nd  Edition. 
12mo.     Cloth,  xv-l-198  pages net  $2.00 

SCOTT:    The   Road   to   a   Healthy   Old  Age.     Essays  by 
Thomas  Bodley  Scott,  m.d. 
12mo.     Qoth,  104  pages net  $1.00 

SENATOR  and  KAMINER:  Marriage  and  Disease.  Being 
an  Abridged  Edition  of  "Health  and  Disease  in  Relation  to 
Marriage  and  the  Married  State."  By  Prof.  H.  Senator  and 
Dr.  S.  Kaminer.  Trans,  from  the  German  by  J.  Dulberg, 
m.d. 
8vo.     Qoth,  452  pages net  $2.50 

SLOAN:    Electro-Therai>y  in  Gsmecology.             By  Samuel 
Sloan,   m.d.,  f.r.f.p.s.g.,  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Glasgow 
Royal  Maternity  and  Women's  Hospital,  etc. 
8vo.    Qoth,  320  pages,  39  Illust net  $4.00 


12  HOEBER'S  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS 

SMITH:  Studies  in  the  Anatomy  and  Surgery  of  the  Nose 
and  Ear.  By  Adam  E.  Smith,  m.d.,  Past  Chief  Medical  and 
Sanitary  Officer,  Nile  Reservoir  Works,  Assuan,  Egypt;  Past 
Instructor  in  Operative  Surgery,  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  Past  Attending  Surgeon,  German  Hospital, 
O.P.D.,  New  York. 
Large  8vo.    Cloth,  168  pages,  45  pi net  $4.00 

SMITH:    Some  Common  Remedies,  and  Their  Use  in  Prac- 
tice.   By  Eustace  Smith,  m.d. 
12mo.     Qoth,  viii-|-112  pages net  $125 

SQUIER  and   BUGBEE:    Manual   of   Cystoscopy.     By   J. 

Bentley  Squier,  m.d.     Professor  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgery, 
New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital,  and 
Henry  G.  Bugbee,  m.d.    Adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Army. 
Svo.     Flex.  Leather,  xiv-|-117  pages,  26  colored  pi... net  $3.00 

STARK:    The  Growth  and  Development  of  the  Baby.     A 

tabular  chart,  giving  the  result  of  personal  observation,  veri- 
fiesd  by  authoritative  data,  as  to  development,  weight,  height, 
etc.,  during  the  first  seven  years.  By  Morris  Stark,  m.a.,  b.s., 
M.D.  Instructor  of  Pediatrics,  N.  Y.  Post-Graduate  Med.  Sch. 
Heavy  Paper,  20  by  25  inches net  50c 

STEPHENSON:    Eye-Strain    in    Every-day    Practice.      By 

Sidney  Stephenson,  m.b.,  cm.  Edin.,  d.o.  Oxon.,  f.r.c.s.  Edin. 

Editor  of  the  Ophthalmoscope. 

Svo.    Qoth,  x-1-139  pages net  $1.75 

STEWART:    Physical  Reconstruction  and  Orthopedics.    By 

Harry  Eaton  Stewart,  m.d.,  Captain  Medical  Corps.,  U.  S.  A., 
Division  of  Orthopedics ;  Instructor  in  Medical  and  Ortho- 
pedic Gymnastics  and  Massage,  New  Haven  Normal  School 
of  Gymnastics ;  Attending  Surgeon,  New  Haven  Orthopedic 
Dispensary.  Authorized  for  Publication  by  the  Surgeon-Gen- 
eral, U.  S.  A. 
Svo.     Cloth,  250  pages,  with  67  original  Illust $3.75 

SWIETOCHOWSKI:    Mechano-Therapeutics     in     General 
Practice.     By  G.  de  Swietochowski,  m.d.,  m.r.c.s.    Fellow  of 
the  Royal   Society  of   Medicine ;   Clinical  Assistant,  Electrical 
and  Massage  Department,  King's  College  Hosp. 
12mo.    Cloth,  xiv+141  pages,  31  Illust net  $1.75 

TOUSEY:  Roentgen© graphic  Diagnosis  of  Dental  Infec- 
tion in  Systemic  Diseases.  By  Sinclair  Tousey,  a.  m.,  m.d. 
Svo.     Cloth,  75  pages  and  64  Illust net  $1.50 

Transactions  of  the  Twenty-Third  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
American  Laryngological,  Rhinological  and  Otological  So- 
ciety, 1917.       Paul  B.  Hoeber,  distributor. 

1918.  Svo.    Qoth,  vii-l-363  pages,  with  Illust net  $3.50 

1919.  Svo.    Qoth,  vii+436  pages,  46  Illust net  $4.00 


HOEBER'S  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS  13 

TRUESDELL:  Birth  Fractures  and  Epiphyseal  Disloca- 
tions. By  Edwakd  D.  Truesdell,  m.d.,  Assistant  Attending 
Surgeon  and  Roentgenologist,  Lying-in  Hospital,  Associate 
Surgeon,  St.  Mary's  Free  Hospital  for  Qiildren,  New  York. 
Large  8vo.     Qoth,   135  pages,   151   Illust net  $4.00 

TURNER  and  PORTER:  The  Skiagraphy  of  the  Accessory 
Nasal  Sinuses.  By  A.  Logan  Turner,  m.d.,  f.r.c.s.e.,  f.r.s.e. 
Surgeon  to  the  Ear  and  Throat  Department,  the  Royal  In- 
firmary, Edinburgh,  and  W.  G.  Porter,  m.b.,  b.sc.,  f.r.c.s.e. 
Surgeon  to  Eye  and  Throat  Infirmary,  Edinburgh. 
Quarto,  Cloth,  45  pages  of  text,  39  pi net  $6.00 

UNITED    STATES    ARMY    X-RAY    MANUAL:     Author- 
ized by  the  Surgeon  General  of  the  Army.     Prepared  under 
the  Direction  of  the  Division  of  Roentgenology. 
12mo.    Flexible  Leatherette,  506  pages,  219  Illust net  $4.50 

von    RUCK    and   von    RUCK:      Studies    in    Immunization 
against  Tuberculosis.    By  Karl  von  Ruck,  m.d.,  and  Silvio 
VON  Ruck,  m.d. 
8vo.     Qoth,  xvi-|-439  pages net  $4.00 

WANKLYN:  How  to  Diagnose  Smallpox,  A  Guide  for 
General  Practitioners,  Post-Graduate  Students,  and  Others. 
By  W.  McC.  Wanklyn,  b.a.  Cantab.,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  d.p.h... 
8vo.     Qoth,  102  pages,  Illust net  $1.50 

WATSON:    Gonorrhoea  and  Its  Complications  in  the  Male 
and  Female.     By  David  Watson,  m.b.,  cm.,  Surgeon,  Glas- 
gow  Lock   Hospital    Dispensary,    Surgeon    for   Venereal    Dis- 
eases, Glasgow  Royal   Infirmary,   etc.,  etc. 
8vo.    Qoth,  375  pages,  72  Illust.,  12  pi.  some  colored.. n^^  $4.00 

WEBER:    Aspects    of    Death    and    Correlated    Aspects    of 
Life  in  Art,  Epigram  and  Poetry.      By    Frederick     Parkes 
Weber,   m.a.,   m.d.,  f.r.c.p.,   f.s.a.     Third   Edition. 
8vo.    Cloth,  784  pages,  144  Illust net  $7.50 

WHALE:  Injuries  to  the  Head  and  Neck.  By  H.  Lawson 
Whale,  m.d.  Camb.,  f.r.c.s.  Eng.,  Capt.  R.  A.  M.  C.  (T.  F.), 
formerly  Capt.  I.  M.  S.  (Retired)  ;  The  Queen's  Hospital, 
Sidcup ;  No.  83  General  Hospital ;  Surgical  Specialist  to  No. 
53  General  Hospital,  B.  E.  F. ;  Surgeon  for  the  Ear,  Throat, 
and  Nose  to  the  London  Temperance  Hospital ;  and  to  the 
Hampstead  General  Hospital.  With  preface  by  Colonel  Fred- 
erick  F.   BURGHARD,   C.B.,    M.D.,    M.S.,   F.R.C.S. 

8vo.    Cloth,  ix-l-322  pages,  105  Illust net  $5.00 

WHITE:    The  Pathology  of  Growth.  Tumours.  By  Charles 
Powell  White,  m.c,  f.r.c.s.    Director,  Pilkington  Cancer  Re- 
search Fund,   Pathologist  Christie  Hospital,   Special  Lecturer 
in  Pathology,  University  of  Manchester. 
8vo.    Qoth,  xvi-f235  pages,  Illust net  $3.50 


14  HOEBER'S  MEDICAL  MONOGRAPHS 

WHITE:    Chronic  Traumatic  Osteomyelitis.   By  J.  Renfrew 
White,  m.b.,  f.rx.s.,  Form€rly  Resident  Surgeon  Officer,  Royal 
National   Orthopedic   Hospital,   London;    Orthopedic   Surgeon 
New  Zealand   Forces. 
8vo.     Cloth,  160  pages,  Illust net  $3.00 

WHITE:  Occupational  Affections  of  the  Skin.  A  brief  ac- 
count of  the  trade  Processes  and  Agents  which  give  rise  to 
them.  By  P.  Prosser  White,  m.d.,  Ed.,  m.r.c.s.  Lond.  Life 
Vice-President,  Senior  Physician  and  Dermatologist,  Royal 
Albert  Edward  Infirmary. 
8vo.     Cloth,  165  pages net  $2.50 

WHITE:    Thoughts    of   a    Psychiatrist    on    the    War   and 
After.    By  William  A.  White,  m.d..  Superintendent  St.  Eliza- 
beth's  Hospital,   Washington,   D.    C ;    Professor   of    Nervous 
and  Mental  Diseases,  Georgetown  University. 
12mo.     Boards,   144  pages net  $1.75 

WICKHAM  and  DEGRAIS:  Radium.  As  Employed  in  the 
Treatment  of  Cancer,  Ang^iomata,  Keloids,  Local  Tuberculosis 
and  Other  Affections.  By  Louis  Wickham,  m.v.o.,  Medecin 
de  St.  Lazare;  Ex-Chef  de  Clinique  a  L'Hopital  St.  Louis,  and 
Paul  Degrais,  Ex-Chef  de  Laboratoire  a  L'Hopital  St.  Louis. 
8vo.    Cloth.    viii+Ul  pages,  53  Illust net  $1.50 

WRENCH:    The  Healthy  Marriage.    A  Medical  and  Psycho- 
logical Guide  for  Wives.     By  G.  T.  Wrench,  m.d.,  b.s.  Lond., 
Past  Assistant  Master  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital,  Dublin.    2nd 
Edition. 
Svo.     Qoth,  viii-f300  pages net  $1.75 

WRIGHT:    The  Unexpurgated  Case  against  Woman   Suf- 
frage.   By  StR  Almroth  E.  Wright,  m.d.,  f.r.s. 
Svo.    Cloth,  xii+188  pages net  $1.25 

WRIGHT:  On  Pharmaco-Therapy  and  Preventive  Inocu- 
lation. Applied  to  Pneumonia  in  the  African  Native,  with 
a  Discourse  on  the  Logical  Methods  Which  Ought  to  Be  Em- 
ployed in  the  Evaluation  of  Therapeutic  Agents.  By  Sir 
Almroth  E.  Wright,  m.d.,  f.r.s. 
Svo.     Cloth,   124  pages net  $2.00 

X-RAY  MANUAL:    See  United  States  Army  X-Ray  Manual. 

YOUNG:  The  Mentally  Defective  Child.  By  Meredith 
Young,  m.d.,  d.p.h.,  d.s.sc.  Chief  School  Medical  Officer, 
Cheshire  Education  Committee;  Lecturer  in  School  Hygiene, 
Victoria  University  of  Manchester ;  Certifying  Medical  Offi- 
cer to  Local  Authority  (Mental  Deficiency  Act),  Co.  Cheshire. 
12mo.     Cloth,  xi4-140  pages,   Illust net  $1.75 

Complete  catalogue  and  descriptive  circulars  sent  on  request. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 

This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


Form  L9-30m-ll,'58(.8268B4)444 


tu 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAl  LIBRARY  FAaifTY 


A    001362  221    2 


RC 

343 

P27e 


